Natura - nature
   actualia - actual entities
     Mundus Plinius - physical world
       naturalia - natural bodies
         Biota
           "neomura"
             Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
               "neokaryotes" - mitochondrial eukaryotes
                 "neozoa"
                   "scotokaryotes" Cavalier-Smith, 1999
                     "podiates" Cavalier-Smith, 2013
                       Amorphea Adl et al., 2012
                         Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith, 1987
                           Holozoa Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002
                             filozoa Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith, 2008
                               Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
                                 Epitheliozoa Ax, 1996
                                   Eumetazoa Bütschli, 1910 - eumetazoans
                                     Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 - bilaterians
                                       Superphylum Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908 - deuterostomes
                                         [crown] Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
                                           Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
                                             [crown] Myopterygii - myopterygians
                                               Superclass Gnathostomata Zittel, 1879 - jawed vertebrates
                                                 Grade Teleostomi Bonaparte, 1836
                                                   Euteleostomi - bony vertebrates
                                                     Class Actinopterygii Woodward, 1891 - ray-finned fishes
                                                       [crown] Actinopteri Cope, 1871
                                                         Subclass Neopterygii Regan, 1923
                                                           Infraclass Teleostei Müller, 1845
                                                             Supercohort Teleocephala de Pinna, 1996
                                                               Cohort Osteoglossomorpha Greenwood et al., 1966
                                                                 Order Osteoglossiformesᵀ Berg, 1940 - bonytongues
                                                                   [crown] Suborder Osteoglossoideiᵀ
                                                                     Family Osteoglossidaeᵀ - bonytongues and arapaimas
                                                                       Subfamily Osteoglossinaeᵀ
                                                                         Genus Osteoglossumᵀ Vandelli, in Cuvier, 1829
                                                                           Osteoglossum ferreirai Kanazawa, 1966 - black arawana