Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
   Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
     Pisces
       Class Actinopterygii Woodward, 1891 - ray-finned fishes
         Order Osteoglossiformes Berg, 1940 - bonytongues
           Family Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1845 - bonytongues and arapaimas