Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
   Gnathostomata
     Teleostomi
       Tetrapoda Hatschek & Cori 1896 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988]
         Amniota Haeckel, 1866 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988] - amniotes
           Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 - mammals
             Subclass Theria Parker & Haswell, 1897
               Theria of Metatherian-Eutherian grade
                 Infraclass Eutheria Gill, 1872
                   [Cohort Epitheria McKenna, 1975]
                     [Superorder Ungulata Linnaeus, 1766]
                       1 [Order †Arctocyonia Van Valen, 1969]
                       7 [Grandorder Meridiungulata McKenna, 1975]
                       8 [Grandorder Paenungulata Simpson, 1945]