life see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Superkingdom Prokarya see Domain Bacteria Woese et al. 1990 stat. inval.
     Kingdom Bacteria Cavalier-Smith 1998 nom. inval. - bacteria see Kingdom Bacteria Cavalier-Smith 2002 stat. inval.
       Subkingdom Eubacteria Cavalier-Smith 1981 see Domain Bacteria Woese et al. 1990 stat. inval.
         Division Gracilicutes Gibbons and Murray 1978 (Approved Lists 1980) see Phylum Gracilicutes
           Phylum Spirochaetae (Ehrenberg 1855) Cavalier-Smith 1998 see Phylum Spirochaetes Garrity and Holt 2001 nom. inval.
             "Pillotinas" see Family Spirochaetaceae Swellengrebel 1907 (Approved Lists 1980)
               Genus Hollandina (ex To et al. 1978) Bermudes et al. 1988 nom. illeg.