prokaryotes - bacteria see Domain Bacteria Woese et al. 1990
   Domain "Bacteria" Woese et al. 1990
     Phylum "Spirochaetes" Garrity and Holt 2001 [monotypic]
       Class Spirochaetes Cavalier-Smith 2002
         Order Spirochaetales Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980)
           Family Spirochaetaceae Swellengrebel 1907 (Approved Lists 1980)
             Genus Hollandina (ex To et al. 1978) Bermudes et al. 1988