Natura - nature
   actualia - actual entities
     Mundus Plinius - physical world
       naturalia - natural bodies
         [crown] Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
           Domain Bacteria Woese et al. 1990 [paraphyletic?]
             Superphylum Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae (PVC) Wagner and Horn 2006
               Phylum Verrucomicrobia Hedlund 2011
                 Class Verrucomicrobiaeᵀ Hedlund et al. 1998 [monotypic]
                   Order Verrucomicrobialesᵀ Ward-Rainey et al. 1996
                     Family "Xiphinematobacteriaceae" [monotypic]
                       1 Candidatus "Xiphinematobacter"ᵀ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000