organisms see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Kingdom Protoctista Hogg, 1860
     Phylum Bacillariophyta Engl. & Gilg (1919) - diatoms see [unranked] Diatomea Kütz. (1844)
       Class Pennales see Class Bacillariophyceae Haeckel (1878)
         1 Order Araphideae see Suborder Araphidineae
         2 Order Raphidioideae see Suborder Raphidoidineae
         3 Order Monoraphideae see Suborder Monoraphidineae Andrews (1976)
         4 Order Biraphideae see Suborder Biraphidineae