Class Actinopterygii Woodward, 1891 - ray-finned fishes
   Subclass Neopterygii Regan, 1923
     Infraclass Teleostei Müller, 1845
       Supercohort Teleocephala de Pinna, 1996
         Clupeocephala
           Cohort Otomorpha E.O. Wiley & G.D. Johnson, 2010
             Subcohort Ostariophysi Sagemehl, 1885
               Section Otophysa (Rosen & Greenwood, 1970)
                 Superorder Characiphysae (Fink & Fink, 1981)
                   Order Gymnotiformes Rafinesque, 1810 - American knifefishes
                     Suborder Sternopygoidei
                       1 Family Rhamphichthyidae - sand knifefishes
                       2 Family Hypopomidae
                       3 Family Sternopygidae - glass knifefishes
                       4 Family Apteronotidae - ghost knifefishes