living organisms see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Superkingdom Eukaryotae see Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925
     Kingdom Plantae Haeckel (1866) - plants
       Subkingdom Thallobionta
         Division Chromophycota see Phylum Chromophyta T.A.Chr. (1962), nom. nud.
           Class Bacillariophyceae Haeckel (1878) - pennates
             Order Centrales see Subclass Coscinodiscophycidae Round & R.M. Crawford (1990)
               Suborder Coscinodiscineae see Subclass Coscinodiscophycidae Round & R.M. Crawford (1990)
                 Family Hemidiscaceae Hendey (1937)
                   Genus Actinocyclus Ehrenb. (1837)