living organisms see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Superkingdom Eukaryotae see Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925
     Kingdom Plantae Haeckel (1866) - plants
       Subkingdom Thallobionta
         Division Chlorophycota see Phylum Chlorophyta Pascher (1914)
           Class Chlorophyceae Wille (1884) - chlorophytes
             Order Zygnematales - filamentous conjugates and saccoderm desmids
               Suborder Zygnematineae see Order Zygnematales
                 Family Zygnemataceae (Meneghini) Kützing (1843)
                   Genus Spirogyra Link (1820), nom. cons.