Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
   Phylum Craniata Linnaeus, 1758 see Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812
     Pisces
       Class Actinopterygii Woodward, 1891 - ray-finned fishes
         Order Osteoglossiformes Berg, 1940 - bonytongues
           Family Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1845 - bonytongues and arapaimas