Lepidosauria Haeckel 1866 [Gauthier, Estes & de Queiroz 1988], nom. cl. inval. see Class Lepidosauria Haeckel, 1866
   Order Squamata Oppel, 1811
     Bifurcata Vidal & Hedges, 2005
       Unidentata Vidal & Hedges, 2005
         Episquamata Vidal & Hedges, 2005
           Toxicofera Vidal & Hedges, 2005
             Serpentes see Suborder Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758
               Alethinophidia Nopcsa, 1923 see Infraorder Alethinophidia Nopcsa, 1923
                 Afrophidia Vidal, Delmas & Hedges, 2007
                   Caenophidia Hoffstetter, 1939
                     1 Family Acrochordidae Bonaparte, 1831 - wart snakes
                     2.1 Family Xenodermatidae Gray, 1849 see Family Xenodermidae Gray, 1849
                     2.2.1 Family Pareatidae Hoffmann, 1890
                     2.2.2.1 Family Viperidae Oppel, 1811 - vipers and pit vipers
                     2.2.2.2.1 Family Homalopsidae Jan, 1863
                     2.2.2.2.2.1.1 Family Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 [paraphyletic]
                     2.2.2.2.2.1.2 Family Elapidae Boie, 1827
                     2.2.2.2.2.2.1 Family Natricidae Boettger, 1883 see Subfamily Natricinae Bonaparte, 1838
                     2.2.2.2.2.2.2 Family Colubridae Oppel, 1811 - colubrids
                     2.2.2.2.2.2.3.1 Family Pseudoxenodontidae McDowell, 1987 see Subfamily Pseudoxenodontinae
                     2.2.2.2.2.2.3.2 Family Dipsadidae Bonaparte, 1838 see Subfamily Dipsadinae Guenther, 1858