organisms see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes see Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925
     Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
       Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908 - deuterostomes see Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908
         Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
           Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
             Superclass Tetrapoda Goodrich, 1930 - tetrapods see Clade Tetrapoda Hatschek & Cori 1896 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988]
               Class Aves Linnaeus, 1758 - birds see Subclass Aves Linnaeus, 1758
                 Subclass Neornithes Gadow, 1893 see Clade Neornithes Gadow, 1893
                   Order Sphenisciformes Sharpe, 1891
                     Family Spheniscidae Bonaparte, 1831 - penguins
                       Genus Spheniscus Brisson, 1760
                         Spheniscus demersus (Linnaeus, 1758) - jackass penguin
                         Spheniscus humboldti Meyen, 1834 - Humboldt penguin
                         Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster, 1781) - Magellanic penguin
                         Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall, 1871 - Galapagos penguin