[living organisms] see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Superkingdom Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis, 1978 see Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925
     Kingdom Plantae Haeckel (1866) - plants
       Subkingdom Viridiplantae Caval.-Sm. (1981) - green plants
         Infrakingdom Streptophyta Caval.-Sm. (1993)
           Superphylum Charophyta Migula (1890) [monotypic]
             Phylum Charophyta Migula (1889)
               Class Conjugatophyceae Engl. (1892) see Class Zygnematophyceae Round ex Guiry (2013)
                 1 Order Desmidiales - placoderm desmids
                 2 Order Zygnematales - filamentous conjugates and saccoderm desmids