[Phylum] Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
   Subphylum Craniata auct.
     Infraphylum Vertebrata Lamarck, 1801 - vertebrates
       Superclass Gnathostomata Gegenbaur, 1874 - jawed vertebrates
         Class Osteichthyes Huxley, 1880 - bony fishes and tetrapods see Clade Osteichthyes Huxley 1880 [Moore & Near 2020]
           Subclass Actinopterygii Woodward, 1891 - ray-finned fishes see Class Actinopterygii Woodward, 1891
             Order †Palaeonisciformes Jarvik, 1961
               01 Family †Acrolepididae Aldinger, 1937, nom. praeval., incertae sedis
               02 Family †Asarotidae Schaeffer, 1968, incertae sedis
               03 Family †Atherstoniidae Gardiner, 1967, incertae sedis
               04 Family †Birgeriidae Aldinger, 1937, incertae sedis
               05 Family †Boreolepididae Aldinger, 1937, nom. praeval., incertae sedis
               06 Family †Brazilichthyidae Cox & Hutchinson, 1991, incertae sedis
               07 Family †Canobiidae Aldinger, 1937, incertae sedis
               08 Family †Carbovelidae Romer, 1945, incertae sedis
               09 Family †Centrolepididae Gardiner, 1960, incertae sedis
               10 Family †Coccocephalichthyidae Fowler, 1951 (1945), incertae sedis
               11 Family †Commentryidae Gardiner, 1963, incertae sedis
               12 Family †Cornuboniscidae White, 1939, incertae sedis
               13 Family †Cosmolepididae Gardiner, 1967, incertae sedis
               14 Family †Cosmoptygiidae van der Laan, 2018, orth. inval., incertae sedis see Family Cosmoptychiidae Gardiner, 1963
               15 Family †Cryphiolepididae Moy-Thomas, 1939, nom. praeval., incertae sedis
               16 Family †Dicellopygidae Romer, 1945, incertae sedis
               17 Family †Eigiliidae Kazantseva-Selezneva, 1977, incertae sedis
               18 Family †Elonichthyidae Aldinger, 1937, incertae sedis
               19 Family †Eurynotoididae Minikh & Minikh, 1990, incertae sedis
               20 Family †Gyrolepidotidae Gardiner, 1967, incertae sedis
               21 Family †Holuridae Moy-Thomas, 1939, incertae sedis
               22 Family †Lawniidae Gardiner, 1967, incertae sedis
               23 Family †Pygopteridae Fitzinger, 1873, incertae sedis
               24 Family †Sceletophoridae Štamberg, 2006, incertae sedis
               25 Family †Strepheoschemidae Gardiner, 1985, incertae sedis
               26 Family †Trissolepididae Fritsch, 1893, nom. praeval., incertae sedis
               27 Family †Urosthenidae Woodward, 1931, incertae sedis
               28 Family †Varialepididae Minikh, 1990, incertae sedis
               29 Family †Whiteichthyidae Kazantseva-Selezneva, 1977, incertae sedis
               30 Family †Stegotrachelidae Gardiner, 1963, "nom. praeval."
               31 Family †Kentuckiidae Gardiner, 1993, nom. nud.
               32 Family †Howqualepididae Long, Choo & Young, 2008
               33 Family †Moythomasiidae Kazantseva, 1971
               34 Family †Rhabdolepididae Gardiner, 1963
               35 Family †Aesopichthyidae Poplin & Lund, 2000
               36 Family †Amblypteridae Romer, 1945
               37 Family †Paramblypteridae Blot, 1966
               38 Family †Rhadinichthyidae Romer, 1945
               39 Family †Palaeoniscidae Bonaparte, 1846
               40 Family †Gonatodidae Gardiner, 1967