plants Haeckel (1866) - plants
   Division Charophyta Migula (1889) - charophyte algae and embryophytes see charophytes
     Subdivision [Streptophytina] see [unranked] Streptophytina Lewis & McCourt (2004)
       Class Equisetopsida C.Agardh (1825) - horsetails see Subclass Equisetidae Warm. (1883)
         Vascular Plants see Phylum Tracheophyta Sinnott ex Caval.-Sm. (1998)
           [Ferns]
             Subclass Polypodiidae Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. (1966)
               1 Order Osmundales Bercht. & J.Presl (1820) [monotypic]
               2 Order Hymenophyllales Link (1833) [monotypic]
               3 Order Gleicheniales Link (1833)
               4 Order Schizaeales Schimp. (1869)
               5 Order Salviniales Link (1833) - water ferns
               6 Order Cyatheales A.B.Frank (1877) - tree ferns
               7 Order Polypodiales Link (1833) - cathetogyrates