[living organisms] see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Superkingdom Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis, 1978 see Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925
     Kingdom Plantae Haeckel (1866) - plants
       Subkingdom Viridiplantae Caval.-Sm. (1981) - green plants
         Infrakingdom Streptophyta Caval.-Sm. (1993)
           Superphylum Embryophyta Engl. (1887) - land plants see Clade Embryophyta Engler 1887 [Mishler & Qiu 2020]
             Phylum Tracheophyta Sinnott ex Caval.-Sm. (1998) - vascular plants
               Subphylum Polypodiophytina Reveal (1996) [monotypic]
                 Class Polypodiopsida Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. (1966) - ferns
                   Subclass Polypodiidae Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. (1966)
                     1 Order Cyatheales A.B.Frank (1877) - tree ferns
                     2 Order Gleicheniales Link (1833)
                     3 Order Hymenophyllales Link (1833)
                     4 Order Osmundales Bercht. & J.Presl (1820)
                     5 Order Polypodiales Link (1833) - cathetogyrates
                     6 Order Salviniales Link (1833) - water ferns
                     7 Order Schizaeales Schimp. (1869)