vascular plants see Phylum Tracheophyta Sinnott ex Caval.-Sm. (1998)
   euphyllophytes see Subphylum Euphyllophytina
     1 spermatophytes - seed plants see Class Spermatopsida
     2 monilophytes - ferns see Infraphylum Moniliformopses Kenrick & Crane, 1997, nom. inval.