Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia

Phylogeny

Questionably Paraphyletic/Ancestral (para)

Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: 235.

Descendants

Questionably Kamptozoa (Phylum) Cori, 1929

Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: 242.

Subsequent positions

Polyzoa (Superphylum) Thompson, 1830

Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: 235. [assumed]

Original entries

Gymnolaemata (Subphylum) (Allman, 1856) Cavalier-Smith, 1998

Current position

Lophophorata ([unranked]) Hyman, 1959

Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3). [inferred rank]

Alternative positions

Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 8.
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: G. Giribet et al., 2000: 551.
Eucoelomata (Section)	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 322.
Eumetazoa (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: J.S. Ryland, 1982: 743.
lophophorates ([unranked])	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1998: 302-305.
Lophotrochozoa (Infrakingdom) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake, 1995	Ref: P.J. Hayward, 2001: 326. [indirect]
Lophotrochozoa (Superphylum) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake, 1995	Ref: 06/12/2004
Metazoa (Subkingdom) Haeckel, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307. [alternative name]
Metazoa (Kingdom) Haeckel, 1874
Polyzoa (Superphylum) Thompson, 1830	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: 235. [new position]
Polyzoa ([unranked])	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe). [out of scope (coherent)]
Spiralia (Superphylum) Schleip, 1929	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 43).
Tentaculata (Midphylum) Eschscholtz, 1825	Ref: E. Möhn, 1984

Historical positions

Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: T. Rees et al., 2020: table 2 (p. 131).
Lophophorata ([unranked]) Hyman, 1959	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3). [inferred rank]
Spiralia (Superphylum) Schleip, 1929	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 43).
Polyzoa ([unranked])	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe). [out of scope (coherent)]
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 8.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2011: 10.
fossil marine animal genera (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: J.J. Sepkoski Jr., 2002: 218 (TREATISE Part G, 1953).
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: P.J. Hayward, 2001: 326.
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: G. Giribet et al., 2000: 544, 551, fig. 4; tab. 1.
Polyzoa (Superphylum) Thompson, 1830	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: table 4 (p. 235). [new position]
lophophorates ([unranked])	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1998: 302-305.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: 1998
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: 1995
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: P.D. Taylor, 1993: [465].
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.S. Boardman et al., 1987
Tentaculata (Midphylum) Eschscholtz, 1825	Ref: E. Möhn, 1984
Metazoa (Subkingdom) Haeckel, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307. [alternative name]
Eumetazoa (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: J.S. Ryland, 1982: 743.
Eucoelomata (Section)	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 322.

Number of Subtaxa

2024	Available in Systema Naturae 2000	3c;4o;140f;332g;214s; †5o;13f;64g;66s
1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000	3c;[4o;131f];587g;4000s; †1102g;3000s
2020	T. Rees et al.: table 2 (p. 131)	3,540*ng;2,197[-3,024]*g; †58.5%g
2013	Z.-Q. Zhang: 8	11,474*[6,008]s; †5,466s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 10	10,941[5486]s; †5455s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 10	10,941[5486]s; †5455s
1998	T. Cavalier-Smith	[2sp]
1987	R.S. Boardman et al.	3c
1982	J.S. Ryland: 743	3c;[4o;131f];4000s