Natura - nature
actualia - actual entities
Mundus Plinius - physical world
naturalia - natural bodies
Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
Clade neomura Cavalier-Smith, 1987
Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
Clade discaria Cavalier-Smith, 2021
Clade dorsates Cavalier-Smith, 2021
Clade podiates Cavalier-Smith, 2012
Clade Amorphea Adl et al. 2012 [Simpson, Medina & Adl 2020]
Clade Obazoa Brown, Sharpe, Silberman, Heiss, Lang, Simpson & Roger 2013
Clade Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987 [Simpson & Medina 2020] - animal-fungal clade
Superkingdom Holozoa Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002
Clade filozoa Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith, 2008
Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
Clade Planulozoa Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004
Subkingdom Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 - bilaterians
Clade Nephrozoa Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002
Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908
Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
Subphylum Craniata auct.
Infraphylum Vertebrata Lamarck, 1801 - vertebrates
Clade Pan-Gnathostomata Downs 2020
Superclass Gnathostomataᵀ Gegenbaur, 1874 - jawed vertebrates
[crown] Clade Eugnathostomata
[crown] Class Chondrichthyes Huxley, 1880 - cartilaginous fishes
Subclass Euselachii Hay, 1902 - sharks, rays, and related fossils
Infraclass Elasmobranchii Bonaparte, 1838
Division Batomorphi - rays
Order Rajiformes Berg, 1940 - skates
.1 Genus †Archingeayia Vullo, Cappetta & Néraudeau, 2007
.2 Genus †Engolismaia Vullo, Cappetta & Néraudeau, 2007
1 Genus †Mafdetia Werner, 1989, incertae sedis
2 Family †Cyclobatidae Jaekel, 1911
3 Family †Hypsobatidae Cappetta, 1992
4 Family †Parapalaeobatidae Cappetta, 1992
5 Family Rajidaeᵀ Blainville, 1816 - hardnose skates
6 Family Arhynchobatidae Fowler, 1934 - softnose skates
7 Family Gurgesiellidae Buen, 1959 - pygmy skates
8 Family Anacanthobatidae von Bonde & Swart, 1923 - legskates