Natura - nature
Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1748: 210; Count: 14k;234p;890c;1643o;9905f;114,238g;258,273s;29,231ss;2072v;35,692;112e; ‡2o;20f;119g;518s;110ss;1v;7; †6p;91c;608o;3558f;17,820g;6466s;207ss;2v;496;14e
actualia - actual entities
Ref: A. Voltolini, 2006: 44 (note 19) [assumed position]; Count: 14k;234p;890c;1643o;9905f;114,238g;258,268s;29,231ss;2072v;35,692;112e; ‡2o;20f;119g;518s;110ss;1v;7; †6p;91c;608o;3558f;17,820g;6466s;207ss;2v;496;14e
Mundus Plinius - physical world
Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 5 [indirect position]; 24 Apr 2014.; Count: 14k;234p;890c;1643o;9905f;114,238g;258,268s;29,231ss;2072v;35,690;112e; ‡2o;20f;119g;518s;110ss;1v;7; †6p;91c;608o;3558f;17,820g;6466s;207ss;2v;496;14e
naturalia - natural bodies
Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 6 [implicit position]; Count: 8k;234p;890c;1643o;9829f;114,228g;257,844s;29,231ss;2041v;11; ‡2o;20f;119g;518s;110ss;1v; †6p;91c;608o;3558f;17,820g;6466s;207ss;2v;104
[crown] Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
Ref: J. Wiemann et al., 2020: [13] [validation] [inferred position]; Count: 6k;234p;415c;1635o;9829f;114,185g;254,617s;29,229ss;2013v;11; ‡2o;20f;119g;518s;110ss;1v; †6p;91c;607o;3558f;17,811g;6426s;207ss;2v;104
Clade neomura Cavalier-Smith, 1987
Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2002b: 297 [inferred position]; Count: 6k;89p;344c;1479o;9331f;110,640g;238,293s;28,828ss;1995v;4; ‡2o;20f;119g;518s;110ss;1v; †6p;91c;607o;3557f;17,804g;6417s;207ss;2v;104
Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
Ref: P.M. Kirk et al., 2008: 248 [indirect position]; 19 Sep 2015.; Count: 6k;84p;334c;1460o;9299f;110,513g;237,847s;28,828ss;1995v;4; ‡2o;20f;119g;518s;110ss;1v; †6p;91c;607o;3557f;17,804g;6417s;207ss;2v;104
Clade discaria Cavalier-Smith, 2021
Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021) (alt.): table 2 (p. 564), fig. 11 [new taxon] [implicit position]; Count: 5k;83p;333c;1459o;9297f;110,373g;237,822s;28,828ss;1995v;4; ‡2o;20f;119g;518s;110ss;1v; †6p;90c;605o;3537f;17,621g;6331s;201ss;2v;104
Clade dorsates Cavalier-Smith, 2021
Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021) (alt.): table 2 (p. 564), fig. 11 [new taxon]; Count: [p] 3k;56p;187c;849o;7231f;88,375g;216,877s;28,335ss;507v;3; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †4p;70c;502o;3021f;13,391g;5184s;107ss;2v;104 [26 Jan 2024]
Clade podiates Cavalier-Smith, 2012
Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021) (alt.): table 2 (p. 564), fig. 11; Count: [p] 3k;56p;186c;848o;7229f;88,371g;216,869s;28,335ss;507v;3; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †4p;70c;502o;3021f;13,391g;5184s;107ss;2v;104 [26 Jan 2024]
[crown] Clade Amorphea Adl et al. 2012 [Simpson, Medina & Adl 2020]
Ref: A.G.B. Simpson et al., 2020: [97] [validation] [indirect position]; Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021): fig. 11.; Count: [p] 3k;56p;183c;845o;7224f;88,365g;216,864s;28,335ss;507v;3; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †4p;70c;502o;3021f;13,391g;5184s;107ss;2v;104 [26 Jan 2024]
[crown] Clade Obazoa Brown, Sharpe, Silberman, Heiss, Lang, Simpson & Roger 2013
Ref: Brown, 2013: 7 [new taxon] [implicit position]; Cavalier-Smith, 2021: fig. 11.; Count: [p] 3k;55p;176c;826o;7170f;88,203g;216,582s;28,333ss;507v;3; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †4p;70c;502o;3021f;13,391g;5184s;107ss;2v;104 [26 Jan 2024]
[crown] Clade Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987 [Simpson & Medina 2020] - animal-fungal clade
Ref: A.G.B. Simpson & M. Medina, 2020: [103] [validation] [indirect position]; Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021): fig. 11.; Count: [p] 3k;55p;174c;824o;7167f;88,194g;216,571s;28,333ss;507v;3; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †4p;70c;502o;3021f;13,391g;5184s;107ss;2v;104 [26 Jan 2024]
Superkingdom Holozoa Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002
Ref: L. Tedersoo et al., 2018: 154 [implicit position]; Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021): fig. 11.; Count: [p] 1k;33p;95c;582o;6230f;78,878g;214,219s;28,325ss;483v;3; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †4p;69c;501o;3020f;12,905g;5175s;107ss;2v;104 [25 Aug 2019]
Clade filozoa Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith, 2008
Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2013(2012): 156 [inferred position]; 19 Jan 2016.; Count: [p] 1k;33p;94c;579o;6219f;78,847g;214,171s;28,325ss;483v;1; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †4p;69c;501o;3020f;12,905g;5175s;107ss;2v;104 [25 Aug 2019]
Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2013(2012): 156 [implicit position]; Count: [p] 33p;92c;576o;6214f;78,792g;214,104s;28,325ss;482v;1; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †4p;69c;501o;3020f;12,905g;5175s;107ss;2v;104
Clade Planulozoa Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004
Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1a) [inferred position]; Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1a.; Count: 31p;86c;541o;6049f;78,029g;213,554s;28,306ss;471v;1; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †2p;63c;472o;2723f;11,405g;4921s;107ss;2v;104
Subkingdom Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 - bilaterians
Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 36) [indirect position]; Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1a.; Count: 29p;80c;518o;5812f;77,137g;212,817s;28,301ss;463v;1; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †2p;58c;458o;2710f;11,281g;4825s;107ss;2v;104
Clade Nephrozoa Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002
Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1b) [implicit position]; Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1b.; Count: 28p;78c;516o;5788f;77,051g;212,795s;28,301ss;463v;1; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †1p;55c;458o;2706f;11,261g;4803s;107ss;2v;104
Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908
Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 48) [indirect position]; Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1b.; Count: [p] 3p;18c;190o;1248f;10,492g;62,113s;12,707ss;308v;1; ‡2o;19f;115g;413s;102ss;1v; †1p;28c;278o;1167f;7716g;3164s;75ss;1v;104 [27 Apr 2019]
Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 48); Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1b.; Count: 9c;149o;1087f;9946g;61,722s;12,699ss;306v;1; ‡2o;19f;115g;413s;102ss;1v; †7c;221o;1145f;7573g;3111s;70ss;1v;104
Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 48); Count: [f†c] 6c;142o;1063f;9855g;61,522s;12,695ss;306v;1; ‡2o;19f;115g;413s;102ss;1v; †7c;221o;1145f;7568g;3110s;70ss;1v;104
Myopterygii - myopterygians
Ref: J.S. Nelson, 2006: 30 [implicit position]; Count: 5c;140o;1059f;9840g;61,403s;12,695ss;306v;1; ‡2o;19f;115g;413s;102ss;1v; †5c;206o;1129f;7247g;3098s;68ss;1v;104
Superclass Gnathostomata Gegenbaur, 1874 - jawed vertebrates
Ref: J.S. Nelson, 2006: 16; Count: 5c;140o;1059f;9840g;61,403s;12,695ss;306v;1; ‡2o;19f;115g;413s;102ss;1v; †2c;197o;1101f;7168g;3060s;68ss;1v;104
Grade Chondrichthiomorphi
Ref: J.S. Nelson, 2006: 39; Count: [*†o] 1c;14o;54f;195g;1160s;2ss; †27o;60f;178g;51s [27 Dec 2013]
Class Chondrichthyes Huxley, 1880 - cartilaginous fishes
Ref: J.S. Nelson, 2006: 39; Count: [*†o] 14o;54f;195g;1160s;2ss; †26o;58f;170g;49s [27 Dec 2013]
Subclass Elasmobranchii Bonaparte, 1838 - shark-like fishes
Ref: V. Hairapetian & M. Ginter, 2009: 175; Count: [*†o] 13o;51f;189g;1118s;2ss; †14o;31f;97g;23s [27 Dec 2013]
Infraclass Euselachii Hay, 1902 - sharks and rays, and related fossils
Ref: J.S. Nelson, 2006: 49; Count: [*†o] 13o;51f;189g;1118s;2ss; †3o;19f;65g;15s [27 Dec 2013]
Division Neoselachii Compagno, 1977
Ref: J.S. Nelson, 2006: 53; Count: [*†o] 13o;51f;189g;1118s;2ss; †1o;13f;38g;7s [27 Dec 2013]
Subdivision Batoidea - rays
Ref: J.S. Nelson, 2006: 52; Count: [*] 4o;17f;84g;629s;2ss; †6f;13g;2s
Order Rajiformes Berg, 1940 - skates
Ref: J.S. Nelson, 2006: 73; Count: [*] 4f;41g;343s; †2f;2g
Family Rajidaeᵀ Blainville, 1816 - skates
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer & J.D. Fong, 2011: 27; Count: [*] 18g;179s
Genus Rajaᵀ Linnaeus, 1758 - skates
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: [*] 30s
[Subgenus Raja (Amblyraja) Malm, 1877]
see Genus Amblyraja Malm, 1877
Ref: L.J.V. Compagno et al., 1989; Count: -
[Subgenus Raja (Dipturus) Rafinesque, 1810 - longnosed skates]
see Genus Dipturus Rafinesque, 1810
Ref: L.J.V. Compagno et al., 1989; Count: -
[Subgenus Raja (Leucoraja) Malm, 1877]
see Genus Leucoraja Malm, 1877
Ref: L.J.V. Compagno et al., 1989; Count: -
[Subgenus Raja (Malacoraja)]
see Genus Malacoraja Stehmann, 1970
Ref: L.J.V. Compagno et al., 1989; Count: -
[Subgenus Raja (Raja) Linnaeus, 1758]
see Genus Raja Linnaeus, 1758
Ref: L.J.V. Compagno et al., 1989; Count: -
[Raja altavela Linnaeus, 1758]
see Gymnura altavela (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 232 [new taxon]; Count: -
[Raja aquila Linnaeus, 1758]
see Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 232 [new taxon]; Count: -
[Raja australis Macleay, 1884]
see Dipturus australis (Macleay, 1884)
Ref: Species 2000, 2003 [invalid]; Count: -
[Raja cerva Whitley, 1939]
see Dipturus cerva (Whitley, 1939)
Ref: Species 2000, 2003 [invalid]; Count: -
[Raja chilensis Guichenot, 1848]
see Zearaja chilensis (Guichenot, 1848)
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012 [excluded position]; Count: -
[Raja flavirostris Philippi, 1892]
see Dipturus flavirostris (Philippi, 1892)
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012 [excluded position]; Count: -
[Raja floridana Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962]
see Dipturus teevani (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1951)
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012 [excluded position]; Count: -
[Raja innominata Garrick & Paul, 1974]
see Dipturus innominatus (Garrick & Paul, 1974)
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012 [excluded position]; Count: -
[Raja koreana Jeong & Nakabo, 1997]
see Hongeo koreana (Jeong & Nakabo, 1997)
Ref: R. Froese & D. Pauly, 1990-present: 26 Sep 2005; Count: -
[Raja kwangtungensis Chu, 1960]
see Dipturus kwangtungensis (Chu, 1960)
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012 [excluded position]; Count: -
[Raja lintea Fries, 1838]
see Rajella lintea (Fries, 1838)
Ref: European Register of Marine Species, 2000; Count: -
[Raja montereyensis]
Ref: J.N. Caira et al., 2017: table 3 (p. 300); Count: -
[Raja nidarosiensis Storm, 1881]
see Dipturus nidarosiensis (Storm, 1881)
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012 [excluded position]; Count: -
[Raja ocellifera]
Ref: J.N. Caira et al., 2017: table 3 (p. 166); Count: -
[Raja parva Last & Séret, 2016]
Ref: J.N. Caira et al., 2017: table 3 (p. 165); Count: -
[Raja pastinaca Linnaeus, 1758]
see Dasyatis pastinaca (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 232 [new taxon]; Count: -
[Raja polyommata Ogilby, 1910]
see Dipturus polyommata (Ogilby, 1910)
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012 [excluded position]; Count: -
[Raja rhinobatos Linnaeus, 1758]
see Rhinobatos rhinobatos (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 232 [new taxon]; Count: -
[Raja torpedo Linnaeus, 1758]
see Torpedo torpedo (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 231 [new taxon]; Count: -
[Raja whitleyi Iredale, 1938]
see Dipturus whitleyi (Iredale, 1938)
Ref: R. Froese & D. Pauly, 1990-present: 26 Sep 2005; Count: -
[Subgenus Raja (Rajella)]
see Genus Rajella Stehmann, 1970
Ref: L.J.V. Compagno et al., 1989; Count: -
[Subgenus Raja (Rostroraja)]
see Genus Rostroraja Hulley, 1972
Ref: L.J.V. Compagno et al., 1989; Count: -
01 Raja ackleyi Garman, 1881 - ocellate skate
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
02 Raja africana Capapé, 1977, nom. illeg. - African ray
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
03 Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 - starry skate
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
04 Raja bahamensis Bigelow & Schroeder, 1965
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
05 Raja brachyura Lafont, 1871 - blonde ray
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
06 Raja cervigoni Bigelow & Schroeder, 1964 - finspot ray
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
07 Raja chinensis Basilewsky, 1855
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
08 Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 - thornback skate
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
09 Raja cortezensis McEachran & Miyake, 1988 - Cortez' ray
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
10 Raja eglanteria Bosc, 1800 - clearnose skate
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
11 Raja equatorialis Jordan & Bollman, 1890 - Equatorial ray
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
12 Raja herwigi Krefft, 1965
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
13 Raja inornata Jordan & Gilbert, 1881 - California ray
Ref: I.V. Volvenko et al., 2020: 40; Volvenko2020.; Count: -
14 Raja karagea Tanaka, 1927
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
14.0 [Raja tobae Tanaka, 1927, nom. illeg.]
see Raja karagea Tanaka, 1927
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012 [invalid]; Count: -
15 Raja macrorynchus Rafinesque, 1810
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
16 Raja maderensis Lowe, 1838 - Madeiran ray
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
17 Raja microocellata Montagu, 1818 - owl ray
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
18 Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 - brown ray
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
19 Raja montagui Fowler, 1910 - Homelyn ray
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
20 Raja polystigma Regan, 1923 - speckled ray
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
21 Raja pulchra Liu, 1932 - mottled skate
Ref: I.V. Volvenko et al., 2020: 40; Volvenko2020.; Count: -
22 Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 - rough ray
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
23 Raja rhina Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 - longnose skate
Ref: I.V. Volvenko et al., 2020: 40; Volvenko2020.; Count: -
24 Raja rondeleti Bougis, 1959 - Rondelet's ray
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
25 Raja rouxi Capapé, 1977
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
26 Raja stellulata Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 - starry skate
Ref: I.V. Volvenko et al., 2020: 40; Volvenko2020.; Count: -
27 Raja straeleni Poll, 1951 - biscuit skate
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
27.0 ["Raja straelini"]
see Raja straeleni Poll, 1951
Ref: J.N. Caira et al., 2017: table 3 (p. 165); Count: -
28 Raja texana Chandler, 1921 - Roundel skate
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
29 Raja undulata Lacépède, 1802 - painted ray
Ref: N. Bailly et al., 2001: 360; Count: -
30 Raja velezi Chirichigno F., 1973 - Velez ray
Ref: W.N. Eschmeyer, 2004-2016: 2 Oct 2012; Count: -
n.1 [Raja binoculata Girard, 1855 - big skate]
see Beringraja binoculata (Girard, 1855)
Ref: I.V. Volvenko et al., 2020: 40; Volvenko2020.; Count: -