Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
   Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates see Infraphylum Vertebrata Lamarck, 1801
     Pisces
       Class Actinopterygii Woodward, 1891 - ray-finned fishes see Clade Actinopterygii Woodward 1891 [Moore & Near 2020]
         Order Osteoglossiformes Berg, 1940 - bonytongues
           Family Gymnarchidae Bleeker, 1859 - abas
           Family Hiodontidae Valenciennes, 1847 - mooneyes
           Family †Lycopteridae Cockerell, 1924
           Family Mormyridae Bonaparte, 1831 - elephantfishes
           Family Notopteridae Bleeker, 1851 - featherfin knifefishes
           Family Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1845 - bonytongues
           Family Pantodontidae Peters, 1876 - freshwater butterfly fishes
           Family †Singididae Greenwood & Patterson, 1967 see Family Pantodontidae Peters, 1876
           Family †Wakinoichthiidae Yabumoto, 1994, nom. inval.