living organisms see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Superkingdom Eukaryotae see Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925
     Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
       Subkingdom Eumetazoa Butschli, 1910 see [unranked] Eumetazoa Bütschli, 1910
         Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
           Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates see Infraphylum Vertebrata Lamarck, 1801
             Class Osteichthyes Huxley, 1880 - bony fishes and tetrapods see Clade Osteichthyes Huxley 1880 [Moore & Near 2020]
               Subclass Actinopterygii Woodward, 1891 - ray-finned fishes see Class Actinopterygii Woodward, 1891
                 Order Perciformes Bleeker, 1859 - perches
                   Suborder Scombroidei Günther, 1880
                     1 Family Gempylidae Gill, 1862 - snake mackerels
                     2 Family Trichiuridae Rafinesque, 1810 - cutlassfishes
                     3 Family Scombridae Rafinesque, 1815 - mackerels, tunas and bonitos
                     4 Family Xiphiidae Rafinesque, 1815 - swordfishes
                     5 Family Luvaridae Gill, 1885 - luvars
                     6 Family Istiophoridae Rafinesque, 1815 - billfishes and marlins