Mammaliaformes Rowe 1988
   [crown] Mammalia Linnaeus 1758 [Rowe 1988], nom. cl. inval. see Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758
     Theriimorpha Rowe 1993
       [crown] Theria Parker & Haswell 1897 [McKenna 1975] see Subclass Theria Parker & Haswell, 1897
         Eutheria Gill 1872 [O'Leary, Allard, Novacek, Meng & Gatesy 2004] see Infraclass Eutheria Gill, 1872
           [crown] Placentalia Owen 1837 [O'Leary, Allard, Novacek, Meng & Gatesy 2004] see Cohort Placentalia Owen, 1837
             [crown] Epitheria McKenna 1975
               [crown] Afrotheria Stanhope, Waddell, Madsen, de Jong, Hedges, Cleven, Kao & Springer 1998 see Magnorder Afrotheria Stanhope, Waddell, Madsen, de Jong, Hedges, Cleven, Kao & Springer, 1998
                 [crown] Colbertia O'Leary, Bloch, Flynn, Gaudin, Giallombardo, Giannini, Goldberg, Kraatz, Luo, Meng, Ni, Novacek, Perini, Randall, Rougier, Sargis, Silcox, Simmons, Spaulding, Velazco, Weksler, Wible & Cirranello 2013
                   Pan-Paenungulata
                     [crown] Paenungulata Simpson, 1945 see Grandorder Paenungulata Simpson, 1945
                       1.1[19] †Titanohyrax tantalus orth. inval. see Titanohyrax tantulus Court & Hartenberger, 1992
                       1.2 [crown] Hyracoidea Huxley, 1869
                       2 Pan-Tethytheria O'Leary, Bloch, Flynn, Gaudin, Giallombardo, Giannini, Goldberg, Kraatz, Luo, Meng, Ni, Novacek, Perini, Randall, Rougier, Sargis, Silcox, Simmons, Spaulding, Velazco, Weksler, Wible & Cirranello 2013