life see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Eucarya Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, 1990 see Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925
     Plantae Haeckel, 1866 see Clade Embryophyta Engler 1887 [Crane & Kenrick 1997], nom. cl. inval.
       viridophytes - green plants
         streptophytes
           charophytes see Phylum Charophyta Migula (1889)
             embryophytes - land plants see Superphylum Embryophyta Engl. (1887)
               core land plants
                 polysporangiophytes see Clade Polysporangiophyta Crane & Kenrick 1997, nom. cl. inval.
                   tracheophytes - vascular plants see Phylum Tracheophyta Sinnott ex Caval.-Sm. (1998)
                     euphyllophytes see Clade Euphyllophyta Lecointre & Le Guyader 2006 [Cantino & Donoghue 2020]
                       monilophytes - ferns see Clade Monilophyta Cantino & Donoghue 2007 [Doyle, Cantino & Donoghue 2020]
                         Polypodiidae Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. (1966)
                           1 Osmundales Bercht. & J.Presl (1820)
                           2.1 Hymenophyllales Link (1833)
                           2.2.1 Gleicheniales Link (1833)
                           2.2.2.1 Schizaeales Schimp. (1869)
                           2.2.2.2.1 Salviniales Link (1833) - water ferns
                           2.2.2.2.2.1 Cyatheales A.B.Frank (1877) - tree ferns
                           2.2.2.2.2.2 Polypodiales Link (1833) - cathetogyrates