Mammaliaformes Rowe 1988
   [crown] Mammalia Linnaeus 1758 [Rowe 1988], nom. cl. inval. see Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758
     Theriimorpha Rowe 1993
       [crown] Theria Parker & Haswell 1897 [McKenna 1975] see Subclass Theria Parker & Haswell, 1897
         Eutheria Gill 1872 [O'Leary, Allard, Novacek, Meng & Gatesy 2004] see Infraclass Eutheria Gill, 1872
           [crown] Placentalia Owen 1837 [O'Leary, Allard, Novacek, Meng & Gatesy 2004] see Cohort Placentalia Owen, 1837
             [crown] Epitheria McKenna 1975
               [crown] Boreoeutheria Springer & de Jong 2001 see Magnorder Boreoeutheria Springer & de Jong, 2001
                 [crown] Laurasiatheria Waddell, Okada & Hasegawa 1999 see Superorder Laurasiatheria Waddell, Okada & Hasegawa, 1999
                   [crown] Ostentoria Springer, Murphy, Eizirik, Madsen, Scally, Douady, Teeling, Stanhope, de Jong & O'Brien 2007 see Superorder Ferae Linnaeus, 1758
                     Pholidotamorpha Gaudin, Emry & Wible 2009
                       Manidae Gray 1821 [Gaudin, Emry & Wible 2009] see Family Manidae Gray, 1821
                         [crown] Pholidota Weber 1904 [Gaudin, Emry & Wible 2009] see Order Pholidota Weber, 1904
                           1[54] Smutsia gigantea (Illiger, 1815) - large African pangolin
                           2 Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758 - Chinese pangolin