Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia

Ancestor

†Procoelomata (Phylum) Bergström, 1989

Ref: J. Bergström, 1989: fig. 2.

Current position

Nephrozoa (Clade) Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002

Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1b).

Alternative positions

Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 111.
Eubilateria ([unranked]) Ax, 1987	Ref: J. Baguñà & M. Riutort, 2004: 1052. [new position]
Protornaeozoa ([unranked])	Ref: C. Nielsen, 1995

Historical positions

Nephrozoa (Clade) Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002	Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1c).
bilaterians ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: T.-M. Lu et al., 2017: 2, 6 (fig. 4a).
Nephrozoa (Clade) Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe). [out of scope (coherent)]
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 280; 111.
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: D.P. Gordon, 2009: 19.
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2005: 2, 6, box 1.1. [out of scope (coherent)]
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: figs. 9.26B, 27.12A-B.
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: J.M. Mallatt et al., 2004: 180. [indirect]
Eubilateria ([unranked]) Ax, 1987	Ref: J. Baguñà & M. Riutort, 2004: 1052. [new position]
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172.
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: C. Nielsen, 2001: 370-384, figs. 1.2, 9.1.
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: G. Giribet et al., 2000: 544, 551, fig. 4.
Protornaeozoa ([unranked])	Ref: C. Nielsen, 1995
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 118; 117.
metazoans ([unranked]) Haeckel 1874	Ref: J. Bergström, 1989: figs. 2, 5.

Number of Subtaxa

1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000	[4p];71,852s
2015	M.J. Benton: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe)	[5p]
2010	E.J. van Nieukerken: 280	[4p];71,852s
2001	K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse	[3p]
2000	G. Giribet et al.	[5p]
1995	C. Nielsen	[8p]