Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia

Phylogeny

Questionably Paraphyletic/Ancestral (para)

Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: 235.

Original entries

Anthozoa (Subphylum) Ehrenberg, 1831

Current position

Planulozoa (Clade) Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004

Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1a). [inferred rank]

Alternative positions

Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 6.
Coelenterata (Subdivision) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt et al., 1975 (1971): 590.
Coelenterata ([unranked])	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 111.
Coelenterata (Infrakingdom) Leuckart, 1847	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: 235.
Eumetazoa ([unranked]) Bütschli, 1910	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: fig. 8.15.
Eumetazoa (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: D.F. Dunn, 1982: 669.
Gastraeozoa ([unranked])
Metazoa ([unranked]) Haeckel 1874	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe). [out of scope (coherent)]
Metazoa (Subkingdom) Haeckel, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307.
Metazoa (Kingdom) Haeckel, 1874	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: 111.
N.N. (Subkingdom)	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 34).
Radiata (Superphylum)	Ref: M.J. Costello et al., 2001: 104. [indirect]
Radiata ([unranked])	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 48.
Radiata (Kingdom) (C. Linnaeus, 1758)	Ref: E. Möhn, 1984
Radiata ([unranked]) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1998: 218-223.
Radiata (Division) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 319.

Historical positions

Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: T. Rees et al., 2020: table 2 (p. 131).
Planulozoa (Clade) Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004	Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1c). [inferred rank]
N.N. (Subkingdom)	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 34).
Metazoa ([unranked]) Haeckel 1874	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe). [out of scope (coherent)]
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 6.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2011: 9.
Coelenterata ([unranked])	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 111.
metazoans ([unranked]) Haeckel 1874	Ref: P. Vickers-Rich et al., 2007: 261.
Radiata ([unranked]) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: J. Baguñà & M. Riutort, 2004: 1052. [inferred rank]
Eumetazoa ([unranked]) Bütschli, 1910	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: 111-180, figs. 7.75A-B, 8.15.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: A.Yu. Ivantsov & M.A. Fedonkin, 2002: 1126[1226].
fossil marine animal genera (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: J.J. Sepkoski Jr., 2002: 47 (TREATISE Part F, 1956; Part F (Suppl. 1), 1981).
Eumetazoa ([unranked]) Bütschli, 1910	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172, [176]; 201.
Eumetazoa ([unranked]) Bütschli, 1910	Ref: C. Nielsen, 2001: 59-69, figs. 1.2, 2.5.
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: M.J. Costello et al., 2001: 104.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: 2000: 128.
Radiata ([unranked]) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1998: 218-223.
Coelenterata (Infrakingdom) Leuckart, 1847	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: table 4 (p. 235).
Eumetazoa ([unranked]) Bütschli, 1910	Ref: C. Nielsen, 1995
metazoans ([unranked]) Haeckel 1874	Ref: S. Bengtson, 1992: table 23.5 (p. 1020).
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 211-261; 4.
Radiata ([unranked])	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 48. [alternative position]
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.S. Boardman et al., 1987
Radiata (Kingdom) (C. Linnaeus, 1758)	Ref: E. Möhn, 1984
Metazoa (Subkingdom) Haeckel, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307.
Eumetazoa (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: D.F. Dunn, 1982: 669-670.
Radiata ([unranked]) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1982: 160, 170-173.
Radiata (Division) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 319.
Coelenterata (Subdivision) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt et al., 1975 (1971): 590.

Number of Subtaxa

2024	Available in Systema Naturae 2000	6c;23o;236f;890g;735s;5ss;8v; †5c;14o;13f;124g;96s
1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000	1500g;10,000s; †2500g;4500s
2020	T. Rees et al.: table 2 (p. 131)	9,308*ng;3,780[-6,886]*g; †51.5%g
2013	Z.-Q. Zhang: 6 (incl. footnote 5)	16,383*[10,203]s; †38o;268f;2,713g;6,180s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 9	10,105s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 9	10,105s
2007	B.C. Das	1500g;10,000s; †2500g;4500s
2001	C. Nielsen	[4c; †1c]
2000		4c
1998	T. Cavalier-Smith	[2sp]
1997	TAMU	1,500g10,000s; †2,500g4,500s
1995	C. Nielsen	8000s
1995	C. Nielsen	~8,000s
1990	R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca	4c;~9,000s
1987	R.S. Boardman et al.	3c
1982	D.F. Dunn	4c;[27o;236f]
1982	L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz	3c[9,500s]
1979	T.I. Storer et al.	[3c]