Natura - nature
   actualia - actual entities
     Mundus Plinius - physical world
       naturalia - natural bodies
         [crown] Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
           Clade neomura Cavalier-Smith, 1987
             Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
               Clade discaria Cavalier-Smith, 2021
                 Clade dorsates Cavalier-Smith, 2021
                   Clade podiates Cavalier-Smith, 2012
                     [crown] Clade Amorphea Adl et al. 2012 [Simpson, Medina & Adl 2020]
                       [crown] Clade Obazoa Brown, Sharpe, Silberman, Heiss, Lang, Simpson & Roger 2013
                         [crown] Clade Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987 [Simpson & Medina 2020] - animal-fungal clade
                           Superkingdom Holozoa Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002
                             Clade filozoa Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith, 2008
                               Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
                                 Clade Planulozoa Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004
                                   Subkingdom Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 - bilaterians
                                     Clade Nephrozoa Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002
                                       Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908
                                         Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
                                           Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
                                             Myopterygii - myopterygians
                                               Superclass Gnathostomata Gegenbaur, 1874 - jawed vertebrates
                                                 Grade Teleostomi Bonaparte, 1836
                                                   Euteleostomi - bony vertebrates
                                                     Clade Sarcopterygii Romer, 1955
                                                       [crown] Rhipidistia Cope, 1887
                                                         Clade Tetrapodomorpha Ahlberg, 1991
                                                           Clade Osteolepidimorpha
                                                             Clade Tetrapoda Hatschek & Cori 1896 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988]
                                                               [crown] Clade Neotetrapoda
                                                                 Clade Reptiliomorpha Säve-Söderbergh, 1934
                                                                   Batrachosauria
                                                                     [crown] Clade Amniota Haeckel, 1866 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988] - amniotes
                                                                       Class Reptilia Linnaeus, 1758 - reptiles
                                                                         Eureptilia Olson, 1947
                                                                           Romeriida Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe, 1988
                                                                             Clade Diapsida Osborn 1903 [Gauthier & de Queiroz 2020]
                                                                               [crown] Clade Neodiapsida Benton 1985
                                                                                 Clade Pan-Lepidosauria Gauthier & de Queiroz 2020, sedis mutabilis
                                                                                   [crown] Subclass Lepidosauria Duméril & Bibron, 1839
                                                                                     Clade Pan-Squamata Gauthier & de Queiroz 2020
                                                                                       [crown] Order Squamata Oppel, 1811
                                                                                         Bifurcata Vidal & Hedges, 2005
                                                                                           Unidentata Vidal & Hedges, 2005
                                                                                             Episquamata Vidal & Hedges, 2005
                                                                                               Toxicofera Vidal & Hedges, 2005
                                                                                                 Ophidia Brongniart, 1800
                                                                                                   Suborder Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758 - snakes
                                                                                                     Infraorder Alethinophidia Nopcsa, 1923
                                                                                                       Afrophidia Vidal, Delmas & Hedges, 2007
                                                                                                         Caenophidia Hoffstetter, 1939
                                                                                                           Superfamily Colubroidea Oppel, 1811
                                                                                                             Family Viperidae Oppel, 1811 - vipers and pit vipers
                                                                                                               Subfamily Viperinaeᵀ Oppel, 1811 - pitless vipers
                                                                                                                 Genus Viperaᵀ Laurenti, 1768
                                                                                                                   [Vipera lebetina (C. Linnaeus, 1758)]
                                                                                                                   [Vipera russeli] see Vipera russelli (Shaw, 1802)
                                                                                                                   [Vipera russelli (Shaw, 1802)]
                                                                                                                   - [Vipera palaestinae Werner, 1938] see Daboia palaestinae (Werner, 1938)
                                                                                                                   01 Vipera altaica Tuniyev, Nilson & Andrén, 2010
                                                                                                                   02 Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758)
                                                                                                                   03 Vipera anatolica Eiselt & Baran, 1970
                                                                                                                   04 Vipera aspisᵀ (Linnaeus, 1758)
                                                                                                                   05 Vipera barani Böhme & Joger, 1983
                                                                                                                   06 Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758)
                                                                                                                   06. [Vipera nikolskii Vedmederya, Grubant & Rudajewa, 1986]
                                                                                                                   06. [Vipera sachalinensis Zarevsky, 1917]
                                                                                                                   07 Vipera darevskii Vedmederja, Orlov & Tuniyev, 1986
                                                                                                                   08 Vipera dinniki Nikolsky, 1913
                                                                                                                   09 Vipera eriwanensis (Reuss, 1933)
                                                                                                                   10 Vipera kaznakovi Nikolsky, 1909
                                                                                                                   11 Vipera latastei Boscá, 1878
                                                                                                                   11.0 [Vipera latasti Boscá, 1878] see Vipera latastei Boscá, 1878
                                                                                                                   12 Vipera lotievi Nilson, Tuniyev, Orlov, Höggren & Andrén, 1995
                                                                                                                   13 Vipera magnifica Tuniyev & Ostrovskikh, 2001
                                                                                                                   14 Vipera monticola Saint Girons, 1953
                                                                                                                   15 Vipera olguni (Tuniyev, Avci, Tuniyev, Agasian & Agasian, 2012)
                                                                                                                   16 Vipera orlovi Tuniyev & Ostrovskikh, 2001
                                                                                                                   17 Vipera pontica Billing, Nilson & Sattler, 1990
                                                                                                                   18 Vipera renardi (Christoph, 1861)
                                                                                                                   19 Vipera seoanei Lataste, 1879
                                                                                                                   20 Vipera shemakhensis (Tuniyev, Orlov, Tuniyev & Kidov, 2013)
                                                                                                                   21 Vipera transcaucasiana Boulenger, 1913
                                                                                                                   22 Vipera ursinii (Bonaparte, 1835)
                                                                                                                   23 Vipera walser Ghielmi, Menegon, Marsden, Laddaga & Ursenbacher, 2016
                                                                                                                   n.1 [Vipera albizona Nilson, Andrén & Flärdh, 1990] see Montivipera albizona (Nilson, Andrén & Flärdh, 1990)
                                                                                                                   n.2 [Vipera bornmuelleri Werner, 1898] see Montivipera bornmuelleri (Werner, 1898)
                                                                                                                   n.3 [Vipera bulgardaghica Nilson & Andrén, 1985] see Montivipera bulgardaghica (Nilson & Andrén, 1985)
                                                                                                                   n.4 [Vipera latifii Mertens, Darevsky & Klemmer, 1967 - lar valley viper] see Montivipera latifii (Mertens, Darevsky & Klemmer, 1967)
                                                                                                                   n.5 [Vipera raddei Boettger, 1890] see Montivipera raddei (Boettger, 1890)
                                                                                                                   n.6 [Vipera wagneri Nilson & Andrén, 1984] see Montivipera wagneri (Nilson & Andrén, 1984)
                                                                                                                   n.7 [Vipera xanthina (Gray, 1849)] see Montivipera xanthina (Gray, 1849)