Natura - nature
actualia - actual entities
Mundus Plinius - physical world
naturalia - natural bodies
[crown] Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
Clade "neomura" Cavalier-Smith 1987
Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
Clade neokaryotes Cavalier-Smith 1993 - mitochondrial eukaryotes
Clade neozoa Cavalier-Smith 1993
Clade scotokaryotes Cavalier-Smith 2000
Clade podiates Cavalier-Smith 2012
[crown] Clade Amorphea Adl et al. 2012
[crown] Clade Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987
Superkingdom Holozoa Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002
Clade filozoa Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith 2008
Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
Clade Planulozoa Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004
Subkingdom Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 - bilaterians
Clade Nephrozoa Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002
Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908
Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
Myopterygii - myopterygians
Superclass Gnathostomata Gegenbaur, 1874 - jawed vertebrates
Grade Teleostomi Bonaparte, 1836
Euteleostomi - bony vertebrates
Clade Sarcopterygii Romer, 1955
[crown] Rhipidistia Cope, 1887
Clade Tetrapodomorpha Ahlberg, 1991
Clade Osteolepidimorpha
Clade Tetrapoda Goodrich, 1930
[crown] Clade Neotetrapoda
Clade Reptiliomorpha Säve-Söderbergh, 1934
Batrachosauria
Clade Amniota Haeckel, 1866 - amniotes
Class Reptilia Linnaeus, 1758 - reptiles
Eureptilia Olson, 1947
Romeriida Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe, 1988
Clade Diapsida Osborn 1903 [Laurin 1991]
Clade Neodiapsida Benton 1985 [Laurin 1991] {Reisz, Modesto & Scott 2011}
[crown] Clade Sauria McCartney 1802 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988]
Subclass Lepidosauromorpha Benton, 1983
Superorder Lepidosauriformes Gauthier et al., 1988
Order Squamata Oppel, 1811
Bifurcata Vidal & Hedges, 2005
Unidentata Vidal & Hedges, 2005
Episquamata Vidal & Hedges, 2005
Toxicofera Vidal & Hedges, 2005
Ophidia Brongniart, 1800
Suborder Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758 - snakes
Infraorder Alethinophidia Nopcsa, 1923
Afrophidia Vidal, Delmas & Hedges, 2007
Caenophidia Hoffstetter, 1939
Superfamily Colubroidea Oppel, 1811
Family Viperidae Oppel, 1811 - vipers and pit vipers
Subfamily Viperinaeᵀ Oppel, 1811 - pitless vipers
01 Genus Atheris Cope, 1862
02 Genus Bitis Gray, 1842
03 Genus Causus Wagler, 1830
04 Genus Cerastes Laurenti, 1768
05.1 Genus Daboia Gray, 1842
05.2 Genus Macrovipera Reuss, 1927
06 Genus Echis Merrem, 1820
07 Genus Eristicophis Alcock & Finn, 1897 [monotypic]
08 Genus Montatheris Broadley, 1996 [monotypic]
09 Genus Proatheris Broadley, 1996 [monotypic]
10 Genus Pseudocerastes Boulenger, 1896
11.1 Genus Viperaᵀ Laurenti, 1768
11.2 Genus Montivipera Nilson, Tuniyev, Andren, Orlov, Joger & Herrmann, 1999