Natura - nature
   actualia - actual entities
     Mundus Plinius - physical world
       naturalia - natural bodies
         [crown] Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
           Clade neomura Cavalier-Smith, 1987
             Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
               Clade discaria Cavalier-Smith, 2021
                 Clade natates Cavalier-Smith, 2021
                   Clade photaria Cavalier-Smith, 2021
                     Clade eucorta Cavalier-Smith, 2021
                       Superkingdom Corticata Lankester, 1878 - corticates
                         Kingdom Plantae Haeckel (1866) - plants
                           Subkingdom Viridiplantae Caval.-Sm. (1981) - green plants
                             Infrakingdom Streptophyta Caval.-Sm. (1993)
                               [crown] Clade Phragmoplastophyta Lecointre & Le Guyader 2006 [Hall, McCourt, Delwiche, Mishler & Karol 2020]
                                 [crown] Clade Embryophytaᵀ Engler 1887 [Mishler & Qiu 2020]
                                   Clade Pan-Tracheophytaᵀ Cantino & Donoghue 2007 [Cantino & Donoghue 2020]
                                     Clade Apo-Tracheophytaᵀ Cantino & Donoghue 2007 [Cantino & Donoghue 2020]
                                       [crown] Phylum Tracheophytaᵀ Sinnott ex Caval.-Sm. (1998) - vascular plants
                                         Clade Pan-Euphyllophytaᵀ Cantino & Donoghue 2007 [Cantino & Donoghue 2020]
                                           [crown] Clade Euphyllophytaᵀ Lecointre & Le Guyader 2006 [Cantino & Donoghue 2020]
                                             Clade Pan-Spermatophytaᵀ Cantino & Donoghue 2007 [Cantino, Doyle & Donoghue 2020]
                                               Clade Lignophytaᵀ Crane & Kenrick 1997, nom. cl. inval.
                                                 Clade Apo-Spermatophytaᵀ Cantino & Donoghue 2007 [Cantino, Doyle & Donoghue 2020]
                                                   [crown] Subphylum Spermatophytinaᵀ Caval.-Sm. (1998) - seed plants
                                                     Clade Pan-Angiospermae Cantino & Donoghue 2007 [Doyle, Cantino & Donoghue 2020]
                                                       [crown] Class Magnoliopsidaᵀ Brongn. (1843)
                                                         [crown] Clade Mesangiospermaeᵀ Donoghue, Doyle & Cantino 2007 [Donoghue, Doyle & Cantino 2020]
                                                           Clade Tricolpataeᵀ Donoghue, Doyle & Cantino 2007 [Donoghue, Doyle & Cantino 2020]
                                                             [crown] Clade Eudicotyledoneaeᵀ Donoghue, Doyle & Cantino 2007 [Donoghue, Doyle & Cantino 2020]
                                                               [crown] Clade Gunneridaeᵀ Soltis, Soltis & Judd 2007 [Soltis, Soltis & Judd 2020]
                                                                 [crown] Clade Pentapetalaeᵀ Soltis, Soltis & Judd 2007 [Soltis, Soltis & Judd 2020]
                                                                   [crown] Clade Superrosidaeᵀ Judd, Soltis & Soltis 2011 [Judd, Soltis & Soltis 2020]
                                                                     Superorder Rosanaeᵀ Takht. (1967)
                                                                       [crown] Clade Fabidaeᵀ Judd, Soltis & Soltis 2007 [Judd, Soltis, Soltis & Cantino 2020]
                                                                         Order Fagales Engl. (1892)
                                                                           Family Betulaceae Gray (1822), nom. cons. - birch family
                                                                             Subfamily Betuloideaeᵀ
                                                                               Genus Betulaᵀ L. (1753) - birches
                                                                                 Betula albo-sinensis
                                                                                 Betula ×aurata Borkh. (1800)
                                                                                 Betula costata Trautv. (1859)
                                                                                 Betula davurica - Daurian birch
                                                                                 Betula ermanii Cham. (1831) - Erman's birch
                                                                                 Betula glandulosa Michx. (1803)
                                                                                 Betula humilis Schrank (1789)
                                                                                 Betula ×intermedia (Hartm.) E.Thomas ex Gaudin
                                                                                 Betula jacquemontii Spach
                                                                                 Betula lenta L. - sweet birch
                                                                                 Betula maximowicziana Regel (1868)
                                                                                 Betula nana L. - bog birch
                                                                                 Betula nigra L. - river birch
                                                                                 Betula papyrifera Marsh. - paper birch
                                                                                 Betula pendula Roth (1788) - European white birch
                                                                                 Betula platyphylla Sukatschev - Asian white birch
                                                                                 Betula pubescens Ehrh. (1789) - downy birch
                                                                                 Betula tortuosa Ledeb.
                                                                                 Betula utilis D.Don (1825)