Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia

Current position

Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908

Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1b).

Alternative positions

Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: G. Giribet et al., 2000: 550.
Gastroneuralia ([unranked]) Ulrich, 1951
Lophotrochozoa (Clade) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake 1995	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 120.
protostomes (Clade)	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3).

Historical positions

protostomes (Clade)	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3).
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1c).
bilaterians ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: T.-M. Lu et al., 2017: 2, 6 (fig. 4a).
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe). [out of scope (coherent)]
Lophotrochozoa (Clade) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake 1995	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 120.
Lophotrochozoa (Clade) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake 1995	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: fig. 9.26B.
Lophotrochozoa (Clade) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake 1995	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172.
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: C. Nielsen, 2001: 123-133, figs. 1.2, 9.1.
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: G. Giribet et al., 2000: 550, 557.
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: C. Nielsen, 1995

Number of Subtaxa

1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000: 24 May 2016	[9p;22c]
2015	M.J. Benton: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe)	[13p]
2010	E.J. van Nieukerken	[8p]
2001	K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse	[11p]
2000	G. Giribet et al.	[14p]
1995	C. Nielsen	[10p]