Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia

Phylogeny

Node-based clade

Ref: K.M. Halanych et al., 1995: 1642.

Defined by the most recent common ancestor (and all its descendants) of

Annelida ([unranked]) Lamarck, 1809		Ref: K.M. Halanych et al., 1995: 1642, fig. 2. ("annelids").
Brachiopoda ([unranked]) Duméril, 1806		Ref: K.M. Halanych et al., 1995: 1641 ("brachiopods"). [implicit]
Bryozoa ([unranked])		Ref: K.M. Halanych et al., 1995: 1642 (fig. 2); 1641. ("bryozoans"). [implicit]
lophophorates ([unranked])		Ref: K.M. Halanych et al., 1995: 1642 ("the three traditional lophophorate taxa"), fig. 2 ("Lophophorates").
Mollusca ([unranked]) Linnaeus, 1758		Ref: K.M. Halanych et al., 1995: 1642, fig. 2. ("mollusks").
Phoronida ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888		Ref: K.M. Halanych et al., 1995: 1642 (fig. 2) ("Phoronids"); 1641 ("phoronid worms"). [implicit]

Included, by definition, in node-based clade

Platytrochozoa (Clade) Struck, Wey-Fabrizius, Golombek, Hering, Weigert, Bleidorn, Klebow, Iakovenko, Hausdorf, Petersen, Kück, Herlyn & Hankeln 2014

Ref: T.H. Struck et al., 2014: 1839.

Current position

Platytrochozoa (Clade) Struck, Wey-Fabrizius, Golombek, Hering, Weigert, Bleidorn, Klebow, Iakovenko, Hausdorf, Petersen, Kück, Herlyn & Hankeln 2014

Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: [167]; Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1c.

Alternative positions

Eubilateria ([unranked]) Ax, 1987	Ref: J. Baguñà & M. Riutort, 2004: 1052. [new position]
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 119.
Spiralia ([unranked]) Schleip, 1929	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3).
Spiralia (Superphylum) Schleip, 1929	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3). [implicit]

Historical positions

Spiralia ([unranked]) Schleip, 1929	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3).
Platytrochozoa (Clade) Struck, Wey-Fabrizius, Golombek, Hering, Weigert, Bleidorn, Klebow, Iakovenko, Hausdorf, Petersen, Kück, Herlyn & Hankeln 2014	Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: [167]; 168 (fig. 1c).
Spiralia ([unranked]) Schleip, 1929	Ref: T.-M. Lu et al., 2017: 2, 7, 8.
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 120; 119.
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: D.P. Gordon, 2009: 19.
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2005: 2. [out of scope (coherent)]
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: fig. 9.26B.
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: J.M. Mallatt et al., 2004: 180.
Eubilateria ([unranked]) Ax, 1987	Ref: J. Baguñà & M. Riutort, 2004: 1052. [new position]
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172.

Number of Subtaxa

2025	Available in Systema Naturae 2000	8p;21c;90o;993f;7386g;11,748s;431ss;3v; ‡44s;4ss; †12c;88o;922f;1157g;294s;12ss;1v
1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000: 28 Apr 2019	[8p]
2019	F. Marlétaz et al.: 5 (fig. 3)	[9p]
2010	E.J. van Nieukerken: 120	[13p];>165,080s
2001	K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse	[13p]