Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia

Phylogeny

Paraphyletic/Ancestral (para)

Ref: G. Giribet et al., 2000: 554.

Current position

Gnathifera ([unranked]) Ahlrichs, 1995

Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3). [inferred rank]

Alternative positions

Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 9.
Aschelminthes ([unranked]) Grobben, 1910	Ref: C. Nielsen, 1995
ecdysozoans ([unranked])	Ref: J. Bergström & X.-G. Hou, 2003: fig. 10. [inferred rank]
Eumetazoa (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: T. Nogrady, 1982: 865.
Gnathifera (Superphylum) Ahlrichs, 1995	Ref: M.V. Sørensen, 2002: 01/12/2004.
Platyzoa ([unranked]) Ax, 1987	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172. [inferred rank]
Pseudocoelomata ([unranked])	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1998: 248-249.
Pseudocoelomata (Section)	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 321.
Pseudocoelomates ([unranked]) Hyman, 1951	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 48.
Spiralia (Superphylum) Schleip, 1929	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 47).
Syndermata ([unranked]) Ahlrichs, 1995	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: fig. 23.26.

Historical positions

Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: T. Rees et al., 2020: table 2 (p. 132).
Gnathifera ([unranked]) Ahlrichs, 1995	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3). [inferred rank]
Spiralia (Superphylum) Schleip, 1929	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 47).
Gnathifera ([unranked]) Ahlrichs, 1995	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe). [out of scope (coherent)]
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 9.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2011: 11.
Syndermata ([unranked]) Ahlrichs, 1995	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: 789-799, figs. 9.26B, 23.26.
ecdysozoans ([unranked])	Ref: J. Bergström & X.-G. Hou, 2003: fig. 10; fig. 11.
Platyzoa ([unranked]) Ax, 1987	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172, [176]; 203.
Gnathifera ([unranked]) Ahlrichs, 1995	Ref: C. Nielsen, 2001: 294-308, fig. 1.2.
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: M. O'Reilly, 2001: 150.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: 1998
Pseudocoelomata ([unranked])	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1998: 248-249.
Aschelminthes ([unranked]) Grobben, 1910	Ref: C. Nielsen, 1995
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: 1995
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: M.A. Wills, 1993: [555].
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 336-343; 4.
Pseudocoelomates ([unranked]) Hyman, 1951	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 48. [alternative position]
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.S. Boardman et al., 1987
Eumetazoa (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: T. Nogrady, 1982: 865.
Pseudocoelomata ([unranked])	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1982: 188-189.
Pseudocoelomata (Section)	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 321.

Number of Subtaxa

1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000	130g;1850s
2020	T. Rees et al.: table 2 (p. 132)	412ng;126[-181]g; †0g
2015b	M.A. Ruggiero et al.: table 2 (p. 47)	[2c;4o]
2013	Z.-Q. Zhang: 9	2,049s; †0s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 11	1583s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 11	1583s
1997	TAMU	130g1,565s
1995	C. Nielsen	1800s
1995	C. Nielsen	~1,800s
1990	R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca	>1,800s
1982	T. Nogrady	3c;[5o;24f];120[118]g;>1500s
1982	L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz	2,000s