Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia

Current position

Syndermata ([unranked]) Ahlrichs, 1995

Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: fig. 23.26.

Alternative positions

Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 9; CoL(17 Aug 2023).
Aschelminthes ([unranked]) Grobben, 1910	Ref: C. Nielsen, 1995
Eumetazoa (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: O.M. Amin, 1982: 933.
Gnathifera (Superphylum) Ahlrichs, 1995	Ref: M.V. Sørensen, 2002: 01/12/2004.
Metazoa (Subkingdom) Haeckel, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307.
Nematelminthes (Midphylum)	Ref: E. Möhn, 1984
Pseudocoelomata ([unranked])	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1998: 246-247.
Pseudocoelomata (Section)	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 321.
Pseudocoelomates ([unranked]) Hyman, 1951	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 335.
Spiralia (Superphylum) Schleip, 1929	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 42).

Historical positions

Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: T. Rees et al., 2020: table 2 (p. 130).
Spiralia (Superphylum) Schleip, 1929	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 42).
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 9.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2011: 11.
Syndermata ([unranked]) Ahlrichs, 1995	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: 800-804, figs. 9.26B, 23.26.
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: D.I. Gibson, 2001: 176.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: 1998
Pseudocoelomata ([unranked])	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1998: 246-247.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: 1995
Aschelminthes ([unranked]) Grobben, 1910	Ref: C. Nielsen, 1995
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 366-369; 4.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.S. Boardman et al., 1987
Metazoa (Subkingdom) Haeckel, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307.
Nematelminthes (Midphylum)	Ref: E. Möhn, 1984
Pseudocoelomata ([unranked])	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1982: 192-193.
Eumetazoa (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: O.M. Amin, 1982: 933.
Pseudocoelomata (Section)	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 321.

Number of Subtaxa

1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000	3c;[8o;21f];132g;838s
2020	T. Rees et al.: table 2 (p. 130)	297ng;160[-178]g; †0g
2013	Z.-Q. Zhang: 9	1,199*[1,197]s; †2s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 11	1194[1192]s; †2s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 11	1194[1192]s; †2s
1997	TAMU	132g838s
1995	C. Nielsen	900s
1995	C. Nielsen	~900s
1990	R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca	3c;~700s
1982	O.M. Amin	3c;[8o;21f;117g]
1982	L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz	>600s