Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia

Phylogeny

Node-based clade

Ref: K.M. Halanych, 1995: 75.

Defined by the most recent common ancestor (and all its descendants) of

Echinodermata ([unranked]) Bruguière, 1789		Ref: K.M. Halanych, 1995: 75 ("echinoderms").
Hemichordata ([unranked]) Bateson, 1885		Ref: K.M. Halanych, 1995: 75 ("hemichordates").

Subsequent positions

Xenambulacraria ([unranked]) Bourlat, Juliusdottir, Lowe, Freeman, Aronowicz, Kirschner, Lander, Thorndyke, Nakano, Kohn, Heyland, Moroz, Copley & Telford, 2006

Ref: S.J. Bourlat et al., 2006: 87. [assumed]

Current position

Deuterostomia (Infrakingdom) Grobben, 1908

Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1b). [implicit]

Alternative positions

Deuterostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1c).
Xenambulacraria ([unranked]) Bourlat, Juliusdottir, Lowe, Freeman, Aronowicz, Kirschner, Lander, Thorndyke, Nakano, Kohn, Heyland, Moroz, Copley & Telford, 2006	Ref: S.J. Bourlat et al., 2006: 87. [new position]

Historical positions

Deuterostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1c).
Deuterostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe). [out of scope (coherent)]
Xenambulacraria ([unranked]) Bourlat, Juliusdottir, Lowe, Freeman, Aronowicz, Kirschner, Lander, Thorndyke, Nakano, Kohn, Heyland, Moroz, Copley & Telford, 2006	Ref: S.J. Bourlat et al., 2006: 85, 87. [new position]
Deuterostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2005: box 1.1. [out of scope (coherent)]
Deuterostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172.

Number of Subtaxa

2024	Available in Systema Naturae 2000	2p;9c;41o;161f;546g;391s;8ss;2v; †20c;57o;21f;137g;47s;5ss
1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000	[2p;9c;41o]
2015	M.J. Benton: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe)	[2p]
2006	S.J. Bourlat et al.	[2p]
2001	K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse	[2p]