Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia

Current position

Bryozoa ([unranked])

Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 120.

Alternative positions

Metazoa (Subkingdom) Haeckel, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307.
Protostoma (Series)	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1982: 200.
Spiralia ([unranked]) Schleip, 1929	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172. [inferred rank]

Historical positions

Bryozoa ([unranked])	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 120.
Spiralia ([unranked]) Schleip, 1929	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172, [176]; 203.
Bryozoa ([unranked])	Ref: C. Nielsen, 2001: 244-263, fig. 1.2.
Polyzoa (Superphylum) Thompson, 1830	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: table 4 (p. 235). [invalid/synonym] [assumed]
Bryozoa ([unranked])	Ref: C. Nielsen, 1995
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 778-791; 4.
Metazoa (Subkingdom) Haeckel, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307.
Protostoma (Series)	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1982: 200-201.

Number of Subtaxa

1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000	[3c;4o;140f]
1997	TAMU	587g4,000s; †1,102g3,000s
1995	C. Nielsen	4,000s
1995	C. Nielsen	4,000s
1995	C. Nielsen	~4,000s
1990	R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca	4,500s
1982	L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz	3c5,000s