Natura - nature
actualia - actual entities
Mundus Plinius - physical world
naturalia - natural bodies
[crown] Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
Clade neomura Cavalier-Smith, 1987
Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
Clade discaria Cavalier-Smith, 2021
Clade dorsates Cavalier-Smith, 2021
Clade podiates Cavalier-Smith, 2012
[crown] Clade Amorphea Adl et al. 2012 [Simpson, Medina & Adl 2020]
[crown] Clade Obazoa Brown, Sharpe, Silberman, Heiss, Lang, Simpson & Roger 2013
[crown] Clade Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987 [Simpson & Medina 2020] - animal-fungal clade
Superkingdom Holozoa Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002
Clade filozoa Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith, 2008
Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
Clade Planulozoa Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004
Subkingdom Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 - bilaterians
Clade Nephrozoa Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002
Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908
Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
Myopterygii - myopterygians
Superclass Gnathostomata Gegenbaur, 1874 - jawed vertebrates
Grade Teleostomi Bonaparte, 1836
Euteleostomi - bony vertebrates
Clade Sarcopterygii Romer, 1955
[crown] Rhipidistia Cope, 1887
Clade Tetrapodomorpha Ahlberg, 1991
Clade Osteolepidimorpha
Clade Tetrapoda Hatschek & Cori 1896 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988]
[crown] Clade Neotetrapoda
Clade Reptiliomorpha Säve-Söderbergh, 1934
Batrachosauria
[crown] Clade Amniota Haeckel, 1866 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988] - amniotes
Class Reptilia Linnaeus, 1758 - reptiles
Eureptilia Olson, 1947
Romeriida Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe, 1988
Clade Diapsida Osborn 1903 [Gauthier & de Queiroz 2020]
[crown] Clade Neodiapsida Benton 1985
Clade Pan-Archelosauria W.G. Joyce, J. Anquetin, E. Cadena, J. Claude, I.G. Danilov, S.W. Evers, ..., J.F. Parham 2021, sedis mutabilis
[crown] Clade Archelosauria N.G. Crawford, J.F. Parham, A.B. Sellas, B.C. Faircloth, T.C. Glenn, T.J. Papenfuss, ..., W.B. Simison 2015 [W.G. Joyce, J. Anquetin, E. Cadena, J. Claude, I.G. Danilov, S.W. Evers, ..., J.F. Parham 2021]
Clade Pan-Archosauria Gauthier 2020
Clade Archosauromorpha von Huene 1946 [Gauthier 2020]
Clade Crocopoda Ezcurra 2016
Clade Archosauriformes Gauthier 1994 [Gauthier 2020]
Clade Crurotarsi Sereno & Arcucci 1990
[crown] Clade Archosauriaᵀ Cope 1869 [Gauthier & Padian 2020]
Clade Pan-Aves Gauthier & de Queiroz 2001 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
Clade Ornithodira Gauthier 1986 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
Clade Dinosauromorpha Benton 1985 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
Clade Dinosauriformes Novas 1992 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
Clade Dracohorsᵀ Cau 2018
Clade Dinosauria Owen 1842 [Langer, Novas, Bittencourt, Ezcurra & Gauthier 2020]
Clade Saurischia Seeley 1888 [Gauthier, Langer, Novas, Bittencourt & Ezcurra 2020]
Clade Eusaurischia Padian et al. 1999
Clade Theropoda Marsh 1881 [Naish, Cau, Holtz Jr., Fabbri & Gauthier 2020]
Clade Neotheropoda Bakker 1986 [Sereno 1998]
Clade Averostraᵀ Paul 2002
Clade Tetanurae Gauthier 1986
Clade Orionides Carrano, Benson & Sampson 2012
Clade Avetheropoda Paul 1988 [Padian et al. 1999]
Clade Coelurosauria Huene 1914 [Gauthier 1986]
Clade Tyrannoraptora Sereno 1999, nom. cl. inval.
Clade Maniraptoriformes Holtz 1995 [Holtz 1996]
Clade Maniraptora Gauthier 1986
Clade Pennaraptora Foth et al. 2014
Clade Paraves Sereno 1997 [Sereno 1998]
Clade Avialae Gauthier 1986
Subclass Aves Linnaeus, 1758
Clade Pygostylia Chatterjee 1997 [Chiappe 2001]
Clade Ornithothoraces Chiappe 1995
Clade Ornithuromorpha Chiappe 2001
Clade Ornithurae Haeckel 1866 [Gauthier 1986] {Chiappe 1991}
Clade Carinatae Merrem 1813 [Gauthier & de Queiroz 2001]
[crown] Clade Neornithes Gadow, 1893 - living birds
Cohort Neognathae Pycraft, 1900
Subcohort Neoaves Sibley et al., 1988
Division Terrestrornithes B.C. Livezey & R.L. Zusi, 2007
Subdivision Telmatorae Lowe, 1931 [monotypic]
Superorder Charadriimorphae Huxley, 1867
Order Charadriiformesᵀ Huxley, 1867 - shorebirds, gulls, auks
Suborder Lari Sharpe, 1891 - gulls and allies
Infraorder Laridesᵀ Sharpe, 1891
Superfamily Laroideaᵀ Vigors, 1825
Family Laridaeᵀ Vigors, 1825 - gulls, terns and skimmers
Subfamily Larinaeᵀ Vigors, 1825 - gulls
Genus Larusᵀ Linnaeus, 1758
01 Larus pacificus Latham, 1802 - Pacific gull
02 Larus belcheri Vigors, 1829 - band-tailed gull
03 Larus atlanticus Olrog, 1958 - Olrog's gull
04 Larus crassirostris Vieillot, 1818 - black-tailed gull
05 Larus modestus Tschudi, 1843 - grey gull
06 Larus heermanni Cassin, 1852 - Heermann's gull
07 Larus leucophthalmus Temminck, 1825 - white-eyed gull
08 Larus hemprichii Bruch, 1853 - sooty gull
09 Larus canus Linnaeus, 1758 - mew gull
10 Larus audouinii Payraudeau, 1826 - Audouin's gull
11 Larus delawarensis Ord, 1815 - ring-billed gull
12 Larus californicus Lawrence, 1854 - California gull
13 Larus marinus Linnaeus, 1758 - great black-backed gull
14 Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823 - kelp gull
15 Larus glaucescens Naumann, 1840 - glaucous-winged gull
16.1 Larus occidentalis Audubon, 1839 - western gull
16.2 Larus livens Dwight, 1919 - yellow-footed gull
17 Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767 - glaucous gull
18.1 Larus glaucoides Meyer, 1822 - Iceland gull
18.2 Larus thayeri Brooks, 1915 - Thayer's gull
19.1 Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 - herring gull
19.2 Larus cachinnans Pallas, 1811 - yellow-legged gull
20 Larus armenicus Buturlin, 1934 - Armenian gull
21 Larus schistisagus Stejneger, 1884 - slaty-backed gull
22 Larus fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 - lesser black-backed gull
23 Larus ichthyaetus Pallas, 1773 - great black-headed gull
24 Larus brunnicephalus Jerdon, 1840 - brown-headed gull
25 Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot, 1818 - grey-headed gull
26 Larus hartlaubii Bruch, 1853 - king gull
27 Larus novaehollandiae Stephens, 1826 - silver gull
28 Larus bulleri Hutton, 1871 - black-billed gull
29 Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein, 1823 - brown-hooded gull
30 Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766 - common black-headed gull
31 Larus genei Breme, 1839 - slender-billed gull
32 Larus philadelphia (Ord, 1815) - Bonaparte's gull
33 Larus saundersi (Swinhoe, 1871) - Saunders's gull
34 Larus serranus Tschudi, 1844 - Andean gull
35 Larus melanocephalus Temminck, 1820 - Mediterranean gull
36 Larus relictus Lönnberg, 1931 - relict gull
37 Larus fuliginosus Gould, 1841 - lava gull
38 Larus atricilla Linnaeus, 1758 - laughing gull
39 Larus pipixcan Wagler, 1831 - Franklin's gull
40 Larus minutus Pallas, 1776 - little gull