Natura - nature
actualia - actual entities
Mundus Plinius - physical world
naturalia - natural bodies
Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
"neomura" Cavalier-Smith 1987
Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
neokaryotes Cavalier-Smith 1993 - mitochondrial eukaryotes
neozoa Cavalier-Smith 1993
scotokaryotes Cavalier-Smith 2000
podiates Cavalier-Smith 2012 [nom. cl. nov.]
Amorphea Adl et al. 2012 [nom. cl. nov.]
Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987
Superkingdom Holozoa Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002
filozoa Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith 2008
Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
Planulozoa Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004 [nom. cl. nov.]
Subkingdom Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 - bilaterians
Nephrozoa Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002 [nom. cl. nov.]
Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908
Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
[crown] Myopterygii - myopterygians
Superclass Gnathostomata Zittel, 1879 - jawed vertebrates
Grade Teleostomi Bonaparte, 1836
Euteleostomi - bony vertebrates
Sarcopterygii Romer, 1955
Rhipidistia Cope, 1887
Tetrapodomorpha Ahlberg, 1991
Osteolepidimorpha
Tetrapoda Goodrich, 1930
Reptiliomorpha Säve-Söderbergh, 1934
Batrachosauria
Amniota Haeckel, 1866 - amniotes
Class Reptilia Linnaeus, 1758 - reptiles
Eureptilia Olson, 1947
Romeriida Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe, 1988
Diapsida Osborn 1903 [Laurin 1991]
Neodiapsida Benton 1985 [Laurin 1991] {Reisz, Modesto & Scott 2011}
[crown] Sauria McCartney 1802 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988]
Archosauromorpha Huene 1946 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988] {Laurin 1991}
Archosauria Cope 1869 [Gauthier & Padian 1985]
Avesuchia Benton, 1999
Avemetatarsalia Benton 1999
Ornithodira Gauthier 1986
Dinosauromorpha Benton 1985
Dinosauriformes Novas 1992
Dinosauria Owen 1841
Saurischia Seeley 1887 [Gauthier 1986]
Theropoda Marsh 1881 [Gauthier 1986]
Neotheropoda Bakker 1986 [Sereno 1998]
Averostra Paul 2002 [Paul 2002]
Tetanurae Gauthier 1986 [Gauthier 1986]
Orionides Carrano, Benson & Sampson 2012 [Carrano et al. 2012]
Avetheropoda Paul 1988 [Padian et al. 1999]
Coelurosauria Huene 1914 [Gauthier 1986]
Tyrannoraptora Sereno 1999 [Sereno 1999]
Maniraptoriformes Holtz 1995 [Holtz 1996]
Maniraptora Gauthier 1986 [Gauthier 1986]
Pennaraptora Foth et al. 2014 [Foth et al. 2014]
Paraves Sereno 1997 [Sereno 1998]
Avialae Gauthier 1986 [Gauthier 1986]
Subclass Aves Linnaeus, 1758
Pygostylia Chatterjee 1997 [Chiappe 2001]
Ornithothoraces Chiappe 1995 [Chiappe 1995]
Ornithuromorpha Chiappe 2001 [Chiappe 2001]
Ornithurae Haeckel 1866 [Gauthier 1986] {Chiappe 1991}
Carinatae Merrem 1813 [Gauthier & de Queiroz 2001]
[crown] Neornithes - living birds
Cohort Neognathae Pycraft, 1900
Subcohort Neoaves Sibley et al., 1988
Division Terrestrornithes B.C. Livezey & R.L. Zusi, 2007
Subdivision Dendrornithes Verheyen, 1961
Section Anomalogonates Garrod, 1874
Subsection Pico-clamatores B.C. Livezey & R.L. Zusi, 2007
Superorder Passerimorphae Sibley et al., 1988
Order Passeriformesáµ€ Linnaeus, 1758
Suborder Passeresáµ€ (C. Linnaeus, 1758) C. Linnaeus, 1766
Parvorder Passeridaáµ€ (C. Linnaeus, 1758) Sibley et al., 1988
Superfamily Passeroideaáµ€
Family Emberizidae Vigors, 1825 - buntings, American sparrows and allies
1.01 Genus Melophus Swainson, 1837 [monotypic]
1.02 Genus Latoucheornis Bangs, 1931 [monotypic]
1.03 Genus Emberizaáµ€ Linnaeus, 1758
1.04 Genus Calcarius Bechstein, 1802
1.05 Genus Plectrophenax Stejneger, 1882
1.06 Genus Calamospiza Bonaparte, 1838 [monotypic]
1.07 Genus Passerella Swainson, 1837
1.08 Genus Melospiza S.F. Baird, 1858
1.09 Genus Zonotrichia Swainson, 1832
1.10 Genus Junco Wagler, 1831
1.11.1 Genus Passerculus Bonaparte, 1838
1.11.2 Genus Ammodramus Swainson, 1827
1.12 Genus Xenospiza Bangs, 1931 [monotypic]
1.13 Genus Myospiza Ridgway, 1898
1.14 Genus Spizella Bonaparte, 1831
1.15 Genus Pooecetes S.F. Baird, 1858
1.16 Genus Chondestes Swainson, 1827
1.17 Genus Amphispiza Coues, 1874[1875]
1.18 Genus Aimophila Swainson, 1837
1.19 Genus Torreornis Barbour & Peters, 1927 [monotypic]
1.20 Genus Oriturus Bonaparte, 1850 [monotypic]
2 Genus Porphyrospiza Sclater & Salvin, 1873 [monotypic]
3.1.01 Genus Phrygilus Cabanis, 1844
3.1.02 Genus Melanodera Bonaparte, 1850
3.1.03 Genus Haplospiza Cabanis, 1851
3.1.04 Genus Acanthidops Ridgway, 1882 [monotypic]
3.1.05 Genus Lophospingus Cabanis, 1878
3.1.06 Genus Donacospiza Cabanis, in Cabanis & Heine, 1850-1851[1851] [monotypic]
3.1.07 Genus Rowettia P.R. Lowe, 1923 [monotypic]
3.1.08 Genus Nesospiza Cabanis, 1873
3.1.09 Genus Diuca Reichenbach, 1850
3.1.10 Genus Idiopsar Cassin, 1866 [monotypic]
3.1.11 Genus Piezorhina Lafresnaye, 1843 [monotypic]
3.1.12 Genus Xenospingus Cabanis, 1867 [monotypic]
3.1.13 Genus Incaspiza Ridgway, 1898
3.1.14 Genus Poospiza Cabanis, 1847
3.1.15 Genus Sicalis Boie, 1828
3.1.16 Genus Emberizoides Temminck, 1822
3.1.17 Genus Embernagra Lesson, 1831
3.1.18 Genus Volatinia Reichenbach, 1850 [monotypic]
3.1.19 Genus Sporophila Cabanis, 1844
3.1.20 Genus Oryzoborus Cabanis, 1851
3.1.21 Genus Amaurospiza Cabanis, 1861
3.1.22 Genus Melopyrrha Bonaparte, 1853, nom. nud. [monotypic]
3.1.23 Genus Dolospingus Elliot, 1871 [monotypic]
3.1.24 Genus Catamenia Bonaparte, 1850
3.1.25 Genus Tiaris Swainson, 1827
3.1.26 Genus Loxipasser H. Bryant, 1866 [monotypic]
3.1.27 Genus Loxigilla Lesson, 1831
3.2 Genus Euneornis Fitzinger, 1856 [monotypic]
3.3.1 Genus Melanospiza Ridgway, 1897 [monotypic]
3.3.2 Genus Geospiza Gould, 1837
3.3.3 Genus Camarhynchus Gould, 1837
3.3.4 Genus Certhidea Gould, 1837 [monotypic]
3.3.5 Genus Pinaroloxias Sharpe, 1885 [monotypic]
4.1 Genus Pipilo Vieillot, 1816
4.2 Genus Melozone Reichenbach, 1850
4.3 Genus Arremonops Ridgway, 1896
4.4 Genus Arremon Vieillot, 1816
4.5 Genus Buarremon Bonaparte, 1850
5 Genus Oreothraupis P.L. Sclater, 1856 [monotypic]
6.1 Genus Pezopetes Cabanis, 1861 [monotypic]
6.2 Genus Lysurus Ridgway, 1898
6.3 Genus Atlapetes Wagler, 1831
6.4 Genus Pselliophorus Ridgway, 1898
7 Genus Urothraupis Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885 [monotypic]
8.1 Genus Charitospiza Oberholser, 1905 [monotypic]
8.2 Genus Saltatricula Burmeister, 1861 [monotypic]
8.3 Genus Coryphaspiza G.R. Gray, 1840 [monotypic]
8.4 Genus Coryphospingus Cabanis, in Cabanis & Heine, 1850-1851[1851]
8.5 Genus Rhodospingus Sharpe, 1888 [monotypic]
9.1 Genus Gubernatrix Lesson, 1837 [monotypic]
9.2 Genus Paroaria Bonaparte, 1832