Natura - nature
actualia - actual entities
Mundus Plinius - physical world
naturalia - natural bodies
[crown clade] Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
neomura Cavalier-Smith, 1987
Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
discaria Cavalier-Smith, 2021
dorsates Cavalier-Smith, 2021
podiates Cavalier-Smith, 2012
[crown clade] Amorphea Adl et al. 2012 [Simpson, Medina & Adl 2020]
[crown clade] Obazoa Brown, Sharpe, Silberman, Heiss, Lang, Simpson & Roger 2013
[crown clade] Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987 [Simpson & Medina 2020] - animal-fungal clade
Holozoa Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002
filozoa Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith, 2008
Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
[node-based clade] Planulozoa Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004
[branch-based clade] Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 - bilaterians
Nephrozoa Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002
[branch-based clade] Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908
[branch-based clade] Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
Myopterygii - myopterygians
Gnathostomata Gegenbaur, 1874 - jawed vertebrates
Teleostomi Bonaparte, 1836
Euteleostomi - bony vertebrates
Sarcopterygii Romer, 1955
[crown clade] Rhipidistia Cope, 1887
Tetrapodomorpha Ahlberg, 1991
Osteolepidimorpha
Tetrapoda Hatschek & Cori 1896 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988]
[crown group] Neotetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha Säve-Söderbergh, 1934
Batrachosauria
[crown clade] Amniota Haeckel, 1866 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988] - amniotes
Reptilia Linnaeus, 1758 - reptiles
Eureptilia Olson, 1947
Romeriida Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe, 1988
[apomorphy-based clade] Diapsida Osborn 1903 [Gauthier & de Queiroz 2020]
[crown clade] Neodiapsida Benton 1985
[total clade] Pan-Archelosauria W.G. Joyce, J. Anquetin, E. Cadena, J. Claude, I.G. Danilov, S.W. Evers, ..., J.F. Parham 2021, sedis mutabilis
[crown clade] Archelosauria N.G. Crawford, J.F. Parham, A.B. Sellas, B.C. Faircloth, T.C. Glenn, T.J. Papenfuss, ..., W.B. Simison 2015 [W.G. Joyce, J. Anquetin, E. Cadena, J. Claude, I.G. Danilov, S.W. Evers, ..., J.F. Parham 2021]
[total clade] Pan-Archosauria Gauthier 2020
[node-based clade] Archosauromorpha von Huene 1946 [Gauthier 2020]
[branch-based clade] Crocopoda Ezcurra 2016
[node-based clade] Archosauriformes Gauthier 1994 [Gauthier 2020]
[node-based clade] Crurotarsi Sereno & Arcucci 1990
[crown clade] Archosauria Cope 1869 [Gauthier & Padian 2020]
[total clade] Pan-Aves Gauthier & de Queiroz 2001 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
Ornithodira Gauthier 1986 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
[branch-based clade] Dinosauromorpha Benton 1985 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
[node-based clade] Dinosauriformes Novas 1992 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
[branch-based clade] Dracohors Cau 2018
[node-based clade] Dinosauria Owen 1842 [Langer, Novas, Bittencourt, Ezcurra & Gauthier 2020]
[branch-based clade] Saurischia Seeley 1888 [Gauthier, Langer, Novas, Bittencourt & Ezcurra 2020]
[node-based clade] Eusaurischia Padian et al. 1999
[branch-based clade] Theropoda Marsh 1881 [Naish, Cau, Holtz Jr., Fabbri & Gauthier 2020]
[node-based clade] Neotheropoda Bakker 1986 [Sereno 1998]
Averostra Paul 2002
[branch-based clade] Tetanurae Gauthier 1986
[node-based clade] Orionides Carrano, Benson & Sampson 2012
Avetheropoda Paul 1988 [Padian et al. 1999]
[branch-based clade] Coelurosauria Huene 1914 [Gauthier 1986]
[node-based clade] Tyrannoraptora Sereno 1999, nom. cl. inval.
[node-based clade] Maniraptoriformes Holtz 1995 [Holtz 1996]
Maniraptora Gauthier 1986
Pennaraptora Foth et al. 2014
[branch-based clade] Paraves Sereno 1997 [Sereno 1998]
[branch-based clade] Avialae Gauthier 1986
Aves Linnaeus, 1758
[node-based clade] Pygostylia Chatterjee 1997 [Chiappe 2001]
[node-based clade] Ornithothoraces Chiappe 1995
[node-based clade] Ornithuromorpha Chiappe 2001
[node-based clade] Ornithurae Haeckel 1866 [Gauthier 1986] {Chiappe 1991}
[apomorphy-based clade] Carinatae Merrem 1813 [Gauthier & de Queiroz 2001]
[crown clade] Neornithes Gadow, 1893 - living birds
Neognathae Pycraft, 1900
Neoaves Sibley et al., 1988
Terrestrornithes B.C. Livezey & R.L. Zusi, 2007
Dendrornithes Verheyen, 1961
Anomalogonates Garrod, 1874
Pico-clamatores B.C. Livezey & R.L. Zusi, 2007
Passerimorphae Sibley et al., 1988
Passeriformes Linnaeus, 1758
Passeres (C. Linnaeus, 1758) C. Linnaeus, 1766
Passerida (C. Linnaeus, 1758) Sibley et al., 1988
Passeroidea
Emberizidae Vigors, 1825 - buntings, American sparrows and allies
[Geospizinae]
1.01 Melophus lathami (J.E. Gray, 1831)
1.02 Latoucheornis siemsseni (G.H. Martens, 1906)
1.03 Emberiza Linnaeus, 1758
1.04 Calcarius Bechstein, 1802
1.05 Plectrophenax Stejneger, 1882
1.06 Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger, 1885 - lark bunting
1.07 Passerella Swainson, 1837
1.08 Melospiza S.F. Baird, 1858
1.09 Zonotrichia Swainson, 1832
1.10 Junco Wagler, 1831
1.11.1 Passerculus Bonaparte, 1838
1.11.2 Ammodramus Swainson, 1827
1.12 Xenospiza baileyi Bangs, 1931
1.13 Myospiza Ridgway, 1898
1.14 Spizella Bonaparte, 1831
1.15 Pooecetes S.F. Baird, 1858
1.16 Chondestes Swainson, 1827
1.17 Amphispiza Coues, 1874[1875]
1.18 Aimophila Swainson, 1837
1.19 Torreornis inexpectata Barbour & Peters, 1927 - Zapata sparrow
1.20 Oriturus superciliosus (Swainson, 1838)
2 Porphyrospiza caerulescens (Wied-Neuwied, 1830)
3.1.01 Phrygilus Cabanis, 1844
3.1.02 Melanodera Bonaparte, 1850
3.1.03 Haplospiza Cabanis, 1851
3.1.04 Acanthidops bairdii Ridgway, 1882
3.1.05 Lophospingus Cabanis, 1878
3.1.06 Donacospiza albifrons (Vieillot, 1817)
3.1.07 Rowettia goughensis (W.E. Clarke, 1904)
3.1.08 Nesospiza Cabanis, 1873
3.1.09 Diuca Reichenbach, 1850
3.1.10 Idiopsar brachyurus Cassin, 1866
3.1.11 Piezorhina cinerea (Lafresnaye, 1843)
3.1.12 Xenospingus concolor (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) - slender-billed finch
3.1.13 Incaspiza Ridgway, 1898
3.1.14 Poospiza Cabanis, 1847
3.1.15 Sicalis Boie, 1828
3.1.16 Emberizoides Temminck, 1822
3.1.17 Embernagra Lesson, 1831
3.1.18 Volatinia jacarina (C. Linnaeus, 1766)
3.1.19 Sporophila Cabanis, 1844
3.1.20 Oryzoborus Cabanis, 1851
3.1.21 Amaurospiza Cabanis, 1861
3.1.22 Melopyrrha nigra (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
3.1.23 Dolospingus fringilloides (Pelzeln, 1870)
3.1.24 Catamenia Bonaparte, 1850
3.1.25 Tiaris Swainson, 1827
3.1.26 Loxipasser anoxanthus (Gosse, 1847)
3.1.27 Loxigilla Lesson, 1831
3.2 Euneornis campestris (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
3.3.1 Melanospiza richardsoni (Cory, 1886)
3.3.2 Geospiza Gould, 1837
3.3.3 Camarhynchus Gould, 1837
3.3.4 Certhidea olivacea Gould, 1837
3.3.5 Pinaroloxias inornata (Gould, 1843)
4.1 Pipilo Vieillot, 1816
4.2 Melozone Reichenbach, 1850
4.3 Arremonops Ridgway, 1896
4.4 Arremon Vieillot, 1816
4.5 Buarremon Bonaparte, 1850
5 Oreothraupis arremonops (P.L. Sclater, 1855)
6.1 Pezopetes capitalis Cabanis, 1861
6.2 Lysurus Ridgway, 1898
6.3 Atlapetes Wagler, 1831
6.4 Pselliophorus Ridgway, 1898
7 Urothraupis stolzmanni Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885
8.1 Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser, 1905
8.2 Saltatricula multicolor (Burmeister, 1860)
8.3 Coryphaspiza melanotis (Temminck, 1822)
8.4 Coryphospingus Cabanis, in Cabanis & Heine, 1850-1851[1851]
8.5 Rhodospingus cruentus (Lesson, 1844)
9.1 Gubernatrix cristata (Vieillot, 1817)
9.2 Paroaria Bonaparte, 1832
n.0 [Emberizinae]
see Family Emberizidae Vigors, 1825
n.1 [Thraupinae]
see Family Thraupidae Cabanis, 1847
n.2 [Cardinalinae]
see Family Cardinalidae Ridgway, 1901