life see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Eucarya Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, 1990 see Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925
     Plantae Haeckel, 1866 see Clade Embryophyta Engler 1887 [Crane & Kenrick 1997], nom. cl. inval.
       viridophytes - green plants
         streptophytes
           charophytes see Phylum Charophyta Migula (1889)
             embryophytes - land plants see Superphylum Embryophyta Engl. (1887)
               core land plants
                 polysporangiophytes see Clade Polysporangiophyta Crane & Kenrick 1997, nom. cl. inval.
                   tracheophytes - vascular plants see Phylum Tracheophyta Sinnott ex Caval.-Sm. (1998)
                     euphyllophytes see Clade Euphyllophyta Lecointre & Le Guyader 2006 [Cantino & Donoghue 2020]
                       Radiatopses Kenrick & Crane (1997) see Infraphylum Radiatopses Kenrick & Crane (1997)
                         lignophytes see Clade Lignophyta Crane & Kenrick 1997, nom. cl. inval.
                           spermatophytes - seed plants see Class Spermatopsida
                             core seed plants
                               .1 †Bennettitales Bessey (1910) see Order Cycadeoideales E.W.Berry (1916)
                               .2 †Pentoxylales Pilg. & Melchior (1954)
                               .3 †Caytoniales E.Wulff (1926)
                               .4 †Corystospermales Thomas (1933)
                               .5 †Cordaitales D.H.Scott (1909)
                               1 cycads see Subclass Cycadidae Pax (1894)
                               2 ginkgos see Subclass Ginkgoidae Pax (1900)
                               3 conifers see Subclass Pinidae Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. (1966)
                               4 Gnetales Mart. (1835)
                               5 angiosperms - flowering plants see Subclass Magnoliidae Novák ex Takht. (1967)