Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia - (Phylum) Chordata

Phylogeny

Holophyletic

Ref: R.L. Carroll, 1988: [16].

Original position

Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758
Regnum Animale (Kingdom) C. Linnaeus, 1758		Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 11.

Subsequent positions

Mammaliaformes (Clade) Rowe 1988		Ref: T. Rowe, 1988: 250, figs. 3, 4. [implicit]
Tetrapoda (Superclass) Goodrich, 1930

Original entries

Questionably †Gondwanatheriidae (Family) Bonaparte, 1986
Questionably †Kennalestidae (Family) Kielan-Jaworowska, 1981
Mutica ([unranked]) Linnaeus, 1766
Questionably †Notopterna (Order) Soria, 1984
Pinnata ([unranked]) Linnaeus, 1758		Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 16.
Questionably Prototheria (Subclass) Gill, 1872
Quadrupedia ([unranked]) Linnaeus, 1758		Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 16.
Questionably †Tegotheridia (Order) Tatarinov, 1994
Questionably †Todralestidae (Family) Gheerbrant, 1991
Unguiculata ([unranked]) Linnaeus, 1766
Ungulata ([unranked]) Linnaeus, 1766

Subsequent entries

Acrotheria (Subclass) Averianov & Lopatin, 2011		Ref: A.O. Averianov & A.V. Lopatin, 2011: 34.
†Apotheria (Subclass) Averianov & Lopatin, 2011		Ref: A.O. Averianov & A.V. Lopatin, 2011: 34.
Theriiformes (Subclass) Rowe, 1988		Ref: M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997: 36.
†Volaticotheria (Order) Meng, Hu, Wang, Wang & Li, 2006		Ref: J. Meng et al., 2006: 889. [implicit]

Current position

Holotheria (Clade) Wible, Rougier, Novacek, McKenna & Dashzeveg 1995

Ref: K.D. Rose, 2006: table 1.2. [indirect]

Alternative positions

Amniota (Series) Haeckel, 1866	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2005: 394. [implicit]
Amphicondyla (Branch)	Ref: E.R. Lankester, 1877: 450.
Craniata (Phylum) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder, 2011: 56.
Eucynodontia (Clade) Kemp 1982 [Rowe 1993]	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2005: 394.
Gnathostomata (Superclass) Gegenbaur, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307.
Homotherma (Superclass)	Ref: L.B. Halstead, 1974: 172.
Mammaliaformes (Clade) Rowe 1988	Ref: M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997: 35.
Mammaliamorpha (Clade) Rowe 1988	Ref: Z. Kielan-Jaworowska et al., 2004 (alt.): 113.
†Mammaliamorpha (Infrasuborder)	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: 438. [phylogenetic position]
Regnum Animale (Kingdom) C. Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: [von] Linné, C., 1766: 21.
Tetrapoda (Superclass) Goodrich, 1930	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 50).
Vertebrata (Subphylum) Cuvier, 1812	Ref: R.L. Carroll, 1988

Historical positions

Chordata (Phylum) Bateson, 1885	Ref: T. Rees et al., 2020: table 2 (p. 131).
Tetrapoda (Superclass) Goodrich, 1930	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 50).
†Mammaliamorpha (Infrasuborder)	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: 438, 442. [phylogenetic position]
Craniata (Phylum) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder, 2011: 56; Zhang: 10 (footnote 14).
Vertebrata (Subphylum) Cuvier, 1812	Ref: L.L. Mai et al., 2005: 573.
Eucynodontia (Clade) Kemp 1982 [Rowe 1993]	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2005: 394, box 10.3, fig. 10.1.
Mammaliamorpha (Clade) Rowe 1988	Ref: Z. Kielan-Jaworowska et al., 2004 (alt.): 113, tables 1.1 (p. 14), 4.1 (p. 164), 9.1 (p. 344).
Chordata ([unranked]) Bateson, 1885	Ref: J.J. Sepkoski Jr., 2002: 321.
Vertebrata (Subphylum) Cuvier, 1812	Ref: 2000
Vertebrata (Subphylum) Cuvier, 1812	Ref: 1998
Mammaliaformes (Clade) Rowe 1988	Ref: M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997: 35.
Vertebrata (Subphylum) Cuvier, 1812	Ref: 1995
Vertebrata (Subphylum) Cuvier, 1812	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990
Amniota (Clade) Haeckel, 1866 [Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe 1988]	Ref: R.L. Carroll, 1988: 627, table A-1 (p. 629), fig. 1.3.
Vertebrata (Subphylum) Cuvier, 1812	Ref: A.S. Romer & T.S. Parsons, 1986
Gnathostomata (Superclass) Gegenbaur, 1874	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1980: 307.
Vertebrata (Subphylum) Cuvier, 1812	Ref: A.F. DeBlase, 1982: 1015.
Tetrapoda (Superclass) Goodrich, 1930	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1982: 239.
Tetrapoda (Superclass) Goodrich, 1930	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 327, [775]-808.
Vertebrata (Subphylum) Cuvier, 1812	Ref: W. Fiedler et al., 1973: [609].
Homotherma (Superclass)	Ref: L.B. Halstead, 1974: 172.
Amphicondyla (Branch)	Ref: E.R. Lankester, 1877: 450, 453.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: C. Illiger, 1811: [58].
Regnum Animale (Kingdom) C. Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: C. a Linné, 1766: 19, 21-27.
Regnum Animale (Kingdom) C. Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 12, 14-19. [new taxon]

Number of Subtaxa

2025	Available in Systema Naturae 2000	27o;165f;1205g;5120s;4356ss;302v; ‡12f;52g;110s;33ss;1v; †45o;358f;4414g;1694s;65ss;1v
1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000	[27o;137f; ‡1o;10f;52g; †42o;326f;4492g]
2020	T. Rees et al.: table 2 (p. 131)	13,609*ng;5,332[-8,952]*g; †75.9%g
2020	C.J. Burgin et al.: table 2 (p. 27)	[27o;160f; ‡7f]
2013	C. Groves & D. Happold: 102	29o
2011	D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder: 56 (incl. footnote 2)	2sc;[29o];157f;1,230g;5,750s
2005	D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder: xxvi	1229g;5416s
1997	M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell	[24o;125f;1081g; ‡1o;6f;43g; †21o;294f;4034g]
1993	D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder	[26o;133f];1135[1112]g;4629[4545]s; ‡[3f;23g;88s]
1991	R.M. Nowak	21o135f1,116g4,444s
1991	G.B. Corbet & J.E. Hill	[21o;132f;1061g];4327[4316]s; ‡[1f;5g;38s]
1988	R.L. Carroll: 648	[20o;119f; ‡5f; †23o;215f]
1982	A.F. DeBlase	2sc;[22o;132f]
1982	L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz	2sc<20o4,500s
1979	T.I. Storer et al.	4,060s
1945	G.G. Simpson:	[18o]
1877	E.R. Lankester: 454	[25o]
1766	C. a Linné	[7o;40g]
1758	C. Linnaeus	[8o;39g;185s;42v]